<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952</id><updated>2009-11-18T10:47:59.174-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Martinisme: Maîtres Passés</title><subtitle type='html'>"Les Maîtres Passés" est ouvert à tous les ordres ou organisations faisant référence au Martinisme, à toutes les nationalités, chaque organisation recevra un accueil fraternel. Le site refuse une dépendance quelconque vis à vis d'un Ordre Martiniste avec qualificatif ou sans.
Le propriétaire du site est Membre de L'Ordre Martiniste par le système de Philippe Encausse, puis Emilio Lorenzo, auquel va sa fidélité.</subtitle><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/blog.htm'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://crp.chez.com/atom.xml'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>277</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-5498374982734245948</id><published>2009-11-18T09:27:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-18T10:47:59.348-08:00</updated><title type='text'>boehm boehme bohm böhm behmen und so weiter</title><content type='html'>BOEHME (Jacob), th&amp;#233;osophe c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre, et l&amp;#39;un des plus importants des &lt;br&gt;Mystiques modernes, n&amp;#233; en 1575 pr&amp;#232;s de Gœrlitz. mort dans cette ville, &lt;br&gt;en 1624.&lt;br&gt;D&amp;#39;une famille pauvre, mais honn&amp;#234;te1, il exer&amp;#231;a le m&amp;#233;tier de cordonnier &lt;br&gt;toute sa vie, &amp;#224; Gœrlitz.&lt;p&gt;Les doctrines de Boehme ont une grande parent&amp;#233; avec celles qui ont flori &lt;br&gt;dans l&amp;#39;Allemagne contemporaine, avec Schelling, Hegel, etc.&lt;br&gt;Il est presque un pr&amp;#233;curseur de Spinoza.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;La premi&amp;#232;re &amp;#233;dition de ses Œuvres a paru en Hollande, par les soins de &lt;br&gt;Henri Bctke, Mais la plus compl&amp;#232;te est celle donn&amp;#233;e par Gichtel, &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;Amsterdam, en 1682 (10 vol. in-8&amp;#176; quelquefois r&amp;#233;unis en 6).&lt;p&gt;[185]&lt;br&gt;1288 BOEHME( Jacob. — Des gottseeligen hoch-erleuchteten Jacob Bomens &lt;br&gt;alleThesophischen Wercke, darinnen alle theosophischen Wercke, darinnen &lt;br&gt;alle tieffe Geheimnusse Gottes, der ewigen und zeitlichen Natur und &lt;br&gt;Creatur samt dem wahren grunde christlicher Religion und der &lt;br&gt;Gottseeligkeit, nach dem apostolischen Gezengnuszoftenbahret weiden, &lt;br&gt;Theils aus des Authoris eigenen Originalen, theils aus den ersten und &lt;br&gt;nachgesehenen besten Copyen aulls fleissigste corrigiret: und in &lt;br&gt;Beyfugung etlichcr Clavim so vorhin noch nie gedruck, nebenst einem &lt;br&gt;zweyfachen Register. Amsterdam, Welstein. 1682, pet. in-8&amp;#176;, 6 vol.&lt;br&gt;(()-2 &amp;#224; 10&lt;p&gt;C&amp;#39;est le titre g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;dition des Œuvres du c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre th&amp;#233;osophe &lt;br&gt;allemand, due aux soins de Johann Georg Gichtel : &amp;#233;dition r&amp;#233;unie &lt;br&gt;habituellement en 6 vol. et dont voici le d&amp;#233;tail :&lt;p&gt;1), — Un vol. avec le titre g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral indiqu&amp;#233; ci-dessus, et compos&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;LXXIII ff. non chiffr., avec 2 pl.&lt;br&gt;Presque tout ce volume est empli par Jacob Bohmens Lebens-Lautf. par &lt;br&gt;Abraham von Franckenberg.&lt;p&gt;2). — Morgenrotc im Aufgang, das ist : die Wurtzel oder Mutter der &lt;br&gt;Philosophiae, Astrologiae und Theologiae, aus rechtem Grunde ; oder &lt;br&gt;Beschreibung der Natur, wie alles gewesen und im Anfang worden ist : wie &lt;br&gt;die Natur und Elementa Creatr&amp;#252;lich worden seynd :... dulch Jacob B&amp;#246;hme, &lt;br&gt;in Gorliz, im J. Christi 1612, .seines Alters 37 J.. Dienstag in &lt;br&gt;Pfingsten ; alles von neuem &amp;#252;bersehen, und mit Fleisz nach des Authoris &lt;br&gt;eigenem Manuscripto corrigiret und verbessert.&lt;br&gt;Amsterdam, (Wetstein) 1682 - pet. in-8 de XXVI- 300-III pp. avec 1 PI.&lt;br&gt;[186] Autre &amp;#233;dit. Amsterdam, 1656. in-12 de LXXII- *18pp. front. (D&amp;#178;-. 0002&lt;p&gt;3). — Beschreibung der drey Principien g&amp;#246;ttliches Wesens das its : von &lt;br&gt;der ohn Urspr&amp;#252;ngewigen Gebuhrt der Dreyfaltigkeit Gottes, und wie durch &lt;br&gt;uns aus derselben sind gcschaffen worden die Engel, so wol die Himmel &lt;br&gt;auch die Sterne und Elementa... f&amp;#252;rnemlich vom dem Menschen. woraus &lt;br&gt;ergeschaffen worden. und zu waserley Endc : und dan wie der aus seiner &lt;br&gt;ersten paradisischcn Herrligkeit gefallen in die zornige Grimmigkcit... &lt;br&gt;und dan auch was der Zorn Gottes (S&amp;#252;nde. Todt, Teuffel und H&amp;#246;lle) sey : &lt;br&gt;wie derselbe in ewigcr Ruhe. und in grosser Freude gestanden : auch wie &lt;br&gt;alles in dieser Zeit seinen Anfang genommen, und wie sichs treibet, und &lt;br&gt;cndlich wieder herden wird, durch Jacob B&amp;#246;hmen. Amsterdam, (Wetstein) &lt;br&gt;1682. pet. in-8 de II-448-VII pp. avec pl.&lt;br&gt;Autre :&lt;br&gt;Amsterdam. bey H. Belkio 1620, in-8 de XIV-624 pp. front. [D&amp;#178;. 0000&lt;br&gt;4). — Hohe und tieffe Gr&amp;#252;nde von dreyfachen Leben des Menschen, nach dem &lt;br&gt;Geheimn&amp;#252;z der dreyen Principien gottlicher Offenbarung. Geschrieben nach &lt;br&gt;gottlicher Erleuchtung durch Jacob B&amp;#246;hmen. im J. 1620.&lt;br&gt;&amp;#194;msterdam. (Wetstein), 1682, pet. in-8 de II-307-III pp.. avec 2 pl. &lt;br&gt;dont une grande.&lt;p&gt;5). Viertizg Fragen von der Seellen Urstand, Essentz. Wesen. Natur und &lt;br&gt;Eigenschafft. was sie von Ewigkeit in Ewigkeit sey ; verfasset von Dr. &lt;br&gt;Balthasar Walter. Liebhaber der grossen Geheimn&amp;#252;ssen, und beantwortet &lt;br&gt;durch Jacob B&amp;#246;hme dabey am Ende beygef&amp;#252;get ist das ungewandte Auge von &lt;br&gt;Seelen und ihrer Bildn&amp;#252;sz.&lt;br&gt;Amsterdam. (Wetstein) . 1682 , pet . in-8 de II-163-II pp. avec 2 pl. &lt;br&gt;dont 1 double.&lt;br&gt;|D&amp;#178;-. 6004 (1)&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quarante questions sur la substance, l&amp;#39;essence, la nature, et les &lt;br&gt;facult&amp;#233;s de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me.&lt;p&gt;6). — Von der Menschwerdung Jesu Christi. wie das ewige Wort sey Mensch &lt;br&gt;worden. und von Maria der Jungfrauen, wer sie von ihrem Urstand gewesen. &lt;br&gt;und was sie sey in der Empf&amp;#228;ngn&amp;#252;sz ihres Sohnes Jesu Christi fur eine &lt;br&gt;Mutter worden. in drey Theil abgetheilet. Geschrieben nach gottlicher &lt;br&gt;Erleuchtung durch Jacob B&amp;#246;hme. in J. 1620. Amsterdam. (Wetstein) . 1682, &lt;br&gt;pet. in-8 de II-204-IV pp. avec fig. une en-t&amp;#234;te de chaque partie. (D&amp;#178;. &lt;br&gt;0064(2)&lt;br&gt;7). — Von Sechs Puncten hohe und tieffe Gr&amp;#252;ndung, 1. wom Gew&amp;#228;chse der &lt;br&gt;drey Principien ; was ein jedes in sich und aus sich selber f&amp;#252;r einem &lt;br&gt;Baum oder Leden geb&amp;#228;hre...&lt;br&gt;II. von dem vermischten Baum Boses und Gutes... III. vom Urstandc des &lt;br&gt;Widerwertigkeit des Gew&amp;#228;chses, in dehme das Leben in sich selber &lt;br&gt;streitig wird. IV. wie der heiltige und gute Baum des ewigen Lebens aus &lt;br&gt;allen Gewachsen... V. vom Baum und Lebens. Gewachse der Verderbn&amp;#252;sz VI. &lt;br&gt;vom Leben der Finstern&amp;#252;sz. darrinnen. die Teufel wohnen... durch Jacob &lt;br&gt;B&amp;#246;hmen. im Jahr 1620. Amsterdam. (Wetstein). 1682. pet. in-8 de II-104 &lt;br&gt;pp. avec 2 pl.&lt;br&gt;Ce trait&amp;#233; remplit les 70 premi&amp;#232;res pages, puis viennent : Eine kurtze &lt;br&gt;Erkl&amp;#228;rung nachfolg. Sechs Puncten (pp. - 77-90)- et Gr&amp;#252;ndlicher Bericht &lt;br&gt;vom... Mysterio (pp. 01 et suiv.) [D&amp;#178;. 0064 (3)&lt;br&gt;&amp;#201;tablissement solide et profond de 6 points: 1. Des trois principes, ce &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;est chacun en soi. et quel arbre ou quelle vie il produit de &lt;br&gt;lui-m&amp;#234;me. (Comment on doit interroger et p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;trer les fonds intimes de &lt;br&gt;la nature., etc.&lt;p&gt;8). Der Weg zu Christo, verfasset in Bneun &amp;#252;chlein, das 1) von wahrer &lt;br&gt;Busse ; 2) vom heiligen Gebeth : 3) ein Schl&amp;#252;ssel gottlicher Geheimn&amp;#252;sse &lt;br&gt;; 4) von wahrer Gelassenheit, 5) von der Wiedergebuhrt : 6) vom &lt;br&gt;&amp;#252;bersinnlichen Leben : 7) von [187] gottlicher Beschnuligkeit ; 8) von &lt;br&gt;der erleuchteten und unerleuchtetcn Seele ; 9) von den vier &lt;br&gt;Complixioncn. Gestellet ans gottlichen Erk&amp;#228;ntn&amp;#252;sz durch Jacob Bohmc. &lt;br&gt;Amsterdam , (Wetstein), 1682 , pet. in-8 de II-245 pp. avec fig.&lt;p&gt;Ce sont les trait&amp;#233;s IX &amp;#224; XIV, XXIII et XXIV de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;dition de 1713.&lt;br&gt;Il existe une r&amp;#233;impression Martiniste de cette collection. S. I,. 1803. &lt;br&gt;in-8 6 tr. (Bodin). Autre &amp;#233;dition ; S. L. 1635 in-12 de 243 pp. [D. 20203&lt;p&gt;9). — Bedencken &amp;#252;ber Esaiae Stifels B&amp;#252;chlein von dreyerley Zustand des &lt;br&gt;Menschen, im dessen New Gebuhrt Geschriben A. Chr. 1622 von Jacob B&amp;#246;hme. &lt;br&gt;Amsterdam (Wetstein) 1682. pet. in-8&amp;#39; de II-308 pp. Avec 1 fig&lt;br&gt;…&lt;br&gt;1290 BOHME. (Jacob). — L&amp;#39;Aurore naissante ou la Racine de la &lt;br&gt;philosophie, de l&amp;#39;astrologie et de la th&amp;#233;ologie ; contenant une &lt;br&gt;description de la nature, dans laquelle on explique comment tout a &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;dans le commencement ; comment la nature et les &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ments sont devenus &lt;br&gt;cr&amp;#233;aturels : ce que sont les deux qualit&amp;#233;s bonne et mauvaise, dont toute &lt;br&gt;chose tire son origine ; comment ces deux dualit&amp;#233;s existent et agissent &lt;br&gt;maintenant, et ce qu&amp;#39;elles seront &amp;#224; la fin des temps ; ce qu&amp;#39;est le &lt;br&gt;royaume de Dieu et le royaume infernal ; et comment les hommes op&amp;#232;rent- &lt;br&gt;cr&amp;#233;aturellement dans l&amp;#39;un et dans l&amp;#39;autre : le tout expos&amp;#233; avec soin, &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s une base vraie, dans la connaissance de l&amp;#39;esprit, et par &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;impulsion divine : ouvrage traduit de l&amp;#39;allemand, de Jacob B&amp;#234;hme &lt;br&gt;(sic). sur l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;dit. d&amp;#39;Amsterdam, de 1682 : par le Philosophe inconnu &lt;br&gt;(Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin). Paris, impr. De Laran, an IX (1800). 2 &lt;br&gt;vol. in-8 de lV-200. et IV-342 pp. (40 fr.). |R. 11588-9 (0-37 (g-74&lt;p&gt;1291 BOHME (Jacob). — Bedencken &amp;#252;ber Essaiae Stiffels B&amp;#252;chlein: … &lt;br&gt;geschrieben anno Chr. 1621 Jacob Bohmen. Amsterdam. H. Belkins. 1676 &lt;br&gt;pet. in-12 de 38 pp.&lt;br&gt;1292 BOEHME (Jacob). — Le chemin pour aller &amp;#224; Christ, compris en neuf &lt;br&gt;petits trait&amp;#233;s r&amp;#233;duits ici en huit, par Jacob B&amp;#246;hme du vieux Seidenbourg &lt;br&gt;nomm&amp;#233; commun&amp;#233;ment le Th&amp;#233;o Philosophe Teutonique. Berlin. 1722, in-8. (40 &lt;br&gt;fr.). (G-1174&lt;br&gt;…&lt;br&gt;1300 BOEHME (Jacob). — Miroir temporel de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;ternit&amp;#233; : auquel est &lt;br&gt;repr&amp;#233;sent&amp;#233;, comment toutes choses, sont marqu&amp;#233;es ext&amp;#233;rieurement selon &lt;br&gt;leur forme int&amp;#233;rieure. Comment ce monde visible, qui comprend les &lt;br&gt;astres, les animaux, v&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;taux et min&amp;#233;raux, nous conduit en celui qui est &lt;br&gt;invisible. Comment le sublime proc&amp;#232;s Philosophal nous d&amp;#233;couvre notre &lt;br&gt;R&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ration. Ecrit par Jac. Boem, nomm&amp;#233; Philosophe Teutonique, et trad. &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;allem. en fr. par le Sr Jean Macle doct. et m&amp;#233;decin tr&amp;#232;s c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre. &lt;br&gt;(Publi&amp;#233; par S. L. B.). S. l. n. a. 1787. in-8 de 300 pp. dont 2 pour &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;errata.&lt;br&gt;…&lt;br&gt;1305, BOEHME (Jacob). — De la Triple vie de l&amp;#39;homme, selon le myst&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;des trois principes de la manifestation divine, &amp;#233;crit d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s une &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;lucidation divine par Jacob B&amp;#234;hme (Bœhme). autrement dit le philosophe &lt;br&gt;teutonicus. en l&amp;#39;ann&amp;#233;e 1620, imprim&amp;#233; &amp;#224; Amsterdam en 1682, trad. de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;allem. en fran&amp;#231;ais par un Ph. In. En 1793 ; (de Saint-Martin). Paris, &lt;br&gt;Migneret, 1809, in-8 de VII1-552 pp. avec 1 pl. (40 fr.).&lt;p&gt;Une des plus rares traductions de Bo&amp;#235;hme&lt;p&gt;1306 BOEHME (Jacob). — Des trois Principes de l&amp;#39;essence divine, ou de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ternel Engendrement sans origine. De l&amp;#39;homme ; d&amp;#39;o&amp;#249; il a &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; cr&amp;#233;&amp;#233; et &lt;br&gt;pour quelle fin: (Comment tout prend son commencement dans le temps, &lt;br&gt;comment tout poursuit son cours, et ce que tout reviendra &amp;#224; la fin ; par &lt;br&gt;Jacob B&amp;#232;hme, du vieux Seidenbourg, nomm&amp;#233; le philosophe Teutonique, trad. &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;allem. sur l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;dit. d&amp;#39;Amsterdam, de 1682 ; par le philosophe inconnu &lt;br&gt;(Saint-Martin ). Paris. imprimerie et librairie de Laran (Migneret). An &lt;br&gt;X-1802. 2 vol. in-8 de IV-XXI-350. et IV-402 pp. (40 fr.).&lt;br&gt;De la plus grande raret&amp;#233;. (cet ouvrage est celui qui r&amp;#233;sume le mieux &lt;br&gt;toute la doctrine de Bohm et en offre un tableau presque synth&amp;#233;tique.&lt;br&gt;(O-58&lt;br&gt;(G-80 et 81&lt;br&gt;…&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-5498374982734245948?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5498374982734245948'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5498374982734245948'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/boehm-boehme-bohm-bohm-behmen-und-so.html' title='boehm boehme bohm böhm behmen und so weiter'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-5451609868361625125</id><published>2009-11-16T12:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-17T00:18:34.321-08:00</updated><title type='text'>WILLIAM LAW AND THE MYSTICS</title><content type='html'>*CHAPTER XII *&lt;p&gt;*WILLIAM LAW AND THE MYSTICS *&lt;p&gt;	To speak of mystical thought in the first half of the eighteenth century in England seems almost a contradiction in terms ; for the predominating character of that age, its outlook on life and its mind as expressed in philosophy, religion and literature, was in every way opposed to what is understood by mystical. In literature, shallowness of thought is often found combined with unrivalled clearness of expression ; in general outlook, the conception of a mechanical world made by an outside Creator; in religion and philosophy, the practically universal appeal to &amp;quot;rational&amp;quot; evidence as supreme arbiter. In no age, it would seem, have men written so much about religion, while practising it so little. The one quality in Scripture which interests writers and readers alike is its credibility, and the impression gathered by the student of the religious controversies of the day is that Christianity was held to exist, not to be lived, but, like a proposition in Euclid, only to be proved. &lt;p&gt;	This view, however, of the main tendency of the time, though representative, is not complete. There is also an undercurrent of thought of a kind that never quite disappears and that helps to keep the earth green during the somewhat dry and arid seasons when rationalism or materialism gains the upper hand. &lt;p&gt;	This tendency of thought is called mysticism, and it may be described in its widest sense as an attitude of mind founded upon an intuitive or experienced conviction of fundamental unity, of alikeness in all things. All mystical thought springs from this as base. The poet mystic, looking out on the natural world, rejoices in it with a purer joy and studies it with a deeper reverence than other men, because he knows it is not something called &amp;#39; matter &amp;#39; and alien to him, but that it is — as he is — spirit itself made visible. The mystic philosopher, instead of attempting to reason or analyse or deduce, seeks merely to tell of his vision; whereupon, words [306] generally fail him, and he becomes obscure. The religious mystic has for goal the union of himself with God, the actual contact with the Divine Presence, and he conceives this possible because man is &amp;#39; a God though in the germ,&amp;#39; and, therefore, can know God through that part of his nature which is akin to Him. &lt;p&gt;	There were many strains of influence which, in the seventeenth century, tended to foster this type of thought in England. The little group of Cambridge Platonists gave new expression to great neo-Platonic ideas, the smouldering embers of which had been fanned to flame in the ardent forge of the Florentine renascence^1  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt;^1 ; but, in addition to this older thought, there were not only new influences from without but, also, new conditions within which must be indicated. &lt;p&gt;	A strong vein of mysticism had been kept alive in Amsterdam, whither the first body of exiled separatists had gone in 1593. Elizabeth, thinking to quell independent religious thought at home, had planted nurseries of freedom in Holland, which waxed strong and sent back over seas in the next century a persistent stream of opinion and literature^2  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt;^2 . To this can be traced the root-ideas which animated alike quakers, seekers, Behmenists, anabaptists, familists and numberless other sects which embodied a reaction against forms and ceremonies that, in ceasing to be understood, had become lifeless. They all agreed in deeming it more important to spiritualize this life than to dogmatize about the life to come. They all believed in the &amp;#39; innerlight,&amp;#39; in the immediate revelation of God within the soul as the supreme and all-important experience. They all held that salvation was the effect of a spiritual principle, a seed quickened invisibly by God, and, consequently, they considered learning useless, or even mischievous, in dealing with the things of the spirit. So far, these various sects were mystical in thought; though, with the exception of familists, Behmenists and seekers, they cannot unreservedly be classed as mystics. Large numbers of these three sects, however, became &amp;#39; children of light,&amp;#39; thus helping to give greater prominence to the strong mystical element in early quakerism. &lt;p&gt;	It only needed the release from the crushing hand of Laud, and the upheaval of the civil war, to set free the religious revival [307] which had long been seething, and to distract England, for a time, with religious excitement. Contemporary writers refer with horror to the swarm of &amp;#39; sects, heresies and schisms &amp;#39; which now came into being^3  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3sym&amp;gt; ^1 , and Milton alone seems to have understood that the turmoil was but the outward sign of a great spiritual awakening^4  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4sym&amp;gt;^2 . Unhappily, there were few who, with him, could perceive that the &amp;#39;opinion of good men is but knowledge in the making,&amp;#39; and that these many sects were but various aspects of one main movement towards freedom and individualism, towards a religion of the heart rather than of the head. The terrible persecutions of the quakers under Charles II^5  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5sym&amp;gt; ^3  tended to withdraw them from active life, and to throw them in the direction of a more personal and introspective religion^6  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6sym&amp;gt; ^4  It was then that the writings of Antoinette Bourignon, Madame Guyon and F&amp;#233;nelon became popular, and were much read among a certain section of thinkers, while the teachings of Jacob Boehme, whose works had been put into English between the years 1644 and 1692, bore fruit in many ways^7  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote7sym&amp;gt;^5  Whether directly or indirectly, they permeated the thought of the founders of the Society of Friends^8  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8sym&amp;gt;^6 , they were widely read both in cottage and study^9  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote9sym&amp;gt; ^7  and they produced a distinct Behmenite sect^10  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote10sym&amp;gt;^8 . Their influence can be seen in the writings of Thomas Tryon, John Pordage, George Cheyne, Francis Lee, Jane Lead, Thomas Bromley, Richard Roach and others ; in the foundation and transactions of the [308] Philadelphian society; in the gibes of satirists^11  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote11sym&amp;gt;^1 ; in forgotten tracts; in the increase of interest in alchemy^12  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote12sym&amp;gt;^2 ; in the voluminous MS commentaries of Freher, or even in Newton&amp;#39;s great discovery ; for *it is almost certain that the idea of the three laws of motion first reached Newton through his eager study of Boehme*. &lt;p&gt;	The tracing of this mystical thought, however, during the period under discussion and later, mainly among obscure sects and little-known thinkers, would not form part of a history of English literature, were it not that our greatest prose mystic lived and wrote in the same age. &lt;p&gt;	William Law had a curiously paradoxical career. After graduating as B.A. and M.A. at Cambridge, in 1708 and 1712, and being, in 1711, ordained and elected fellow of his college (Emmanuel), he refused to take the oaths of allegiance to George I, and thus lost his fellowship and vocation. Though an ardent high churchman, he was the father of methodism. Though deprived of employment in his church, he wrote the book which, of all others for a century to come, had the most profound and far-reaching influence upon the religious thought of his country. Though a sincere, and, so he believed, an orthodox Christian, he was the classic exponent of Boehme, a thinker abhorred and mistrusted alike by eighteenth century divines and by Wesleyan leaders. &lt;p&gt;	About the year 1727, Edward Gibbon selected Law as tutor for his only son, the father of the historian, and, in 1730, when his pupil went abroad. Law lived on with the elder Gibbon in the &amp;#39; spacious house with gardens and land at Putney,&amp;#39; where he was &amp;#39; the much honoured friend and spiritual director of the whole family^13  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote13sym&amp;gt; ^3 &amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	During these years at Putney, Law&amp;#39;s reputation as a writer became assured. He was already known as the ablest defender of nonjuror principles; the publication of /A Serious Call/ in 1729 had brought him renown, and he was revered and consulted by an admiring band of disciples. His later life was spent at his birthplace. King&amp;#39;s Cliffe, near Stamford. He settled there in 1737 or 1740, and was joined by Hester Gibbon, the historian&amp;#39;s aunt, and Mrs Hutcheson, a widow with considerable means. This oddly assorted trio gave themselves to a life of retirement and good deeds, the whole being regulated by Law. With a united income of over &amp;#163;3000 a year, they lived in the simplest fashion.&lt;p&gt;	They spent large sums in founding schools and almshouses, and in general charity, which took the form of free daily distribution of food, money and clothes, no beggar being turned away from the door, until the countryside became so demoralized with vagrants that the inhabitants protested and the rector preached against these proceedings from the pulpit^14  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote14sym&amp;gt;^1 . The trouble, however, seems to have abated when the three kindhearted and guileless offenders threatened to leave the parish, and, possibly, it may have caused them to exercise a little discrimination in their giving. &lt;p&gt;	Here, at King&amp;#39;s Cliffe, after more than twenty years of residence, passed in the strictest routine of study and good works, Law died, after a short illness, almost in the act of singing a hymn. &lt;p&gt;	Law&amp;#39;s writings fall naturally into three divisions, controversial, practical and mystical. His three great controversial works are directed against a curious assortment of opponents: Hoadly, latitudinarian bishop of Bangor, Mandeville, a sceptical pessimist, and Tindal, a deistical optimist. These writers represent three main sections of the religious opinion of the day, and much light is thrown on Law&amp;#39;s character and beliefs by the method with which he meets them and turns their own weapons against themselves. &lt;p&gt;	It was a time of theological pamphleteering, and the famous Bangorian controversy is a good specimen of the kind of discussion which abounded in the days of George I. It is, on the whole, good reading, clear, pointed and even witty, and, if compared with similar controversies in the reign of Charles I, presents an admirable object lesson as to the advance made during the intervening years in the writing of English prose. &lt;p&gt;	When queen Anne died, and the claims of the Stewarts were set aside in favour of a parliamentary king from Hanover, the church, committed absolutely to the hereditary, as opposed to the parliamentary, principle, found itself on the horns of a dilemma. High churchmen were forced either to eat their own words, or to refuse to take the oaths of allegiance to the new king and of abjuration to the pretender^15  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote15sym&amp;gt; ^2 . Law is a prominent example of this latter and smaller class, the second generation of non-jurors. Feeling naturally ran very high when, in answer to the posthumous [310] papers of George Hickes^16  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote16sym&amp;gt;^1 , the nonjuring bishop, who charged the church with schism, Benjamin Hoadly, bishop of Bangor, the king&amp;#39;s chaplain, came forward as champion of the crown and church. &lt;p&gt;	Hoadly was an able thinker and writer, and, in his /Preservative against the Principles and Practices of the Non-Jurors/, he attempts to justify the civil power by reducing to a minimum the idea of church authority and even that of creeds. He tells Christians to depend upon Christ alone for their religion, and not upon His ministers, and he urges sincerity as the sole test of truth. On this last point he dwells more fully and exclusively in his famous sermon. /The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ,/ preached before the king on 31 March 1717. Hoadly&amp;#39;s pamphlet and sermon raised a cloud of controversy^17  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote17sym&amp;gt;^2 ; but by far the ablest answer he received on the part of the nonjurors was that contained in Law&amp;#39;s Three Letters to the Bishop of Bangor (1717 — 19). The bishop never replied to Law, and, indeed, he gave strong proof of his acuteness by leaving his brilliant young opponent severely alone^18  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote18sym&amp;gt; ^3 . &lt;p&gt;	Law instantly detected that Hoadly&amp;#39;s arguments tended to do away altogether with the conception of the church as a living spiritual society, and his answer is mainly directed against the danger of this tendency^19  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote19sym&amp;gt; ^4 . He begins by pointing out that there are no libertines or loose thinkers in England who are not pleased with the bishop, for they imagine that he intends to dissolve the church as a society ; and, indeed, they seem to have good grounds for their assumption, since the bishop leaves neither authorised ministers, nor sacraments, nor church, and intimates that &amp;#39;if a man be not a Hypocrite, it matters not what Religion he is of^20  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote20sym&amp;gt;^5 &amp;#39;.&lt;p&gt;	Law deals with church authority, and shows that if, as Hoadly says, regularity of ordination and uninterrupted succession be mere niceties and dreams, there is no difference between the episcopalian communion and any other lay body of teachers^21  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote21sym&amp;gt;^6 . He demolishes Hoadly&amp;#39;s remarks on the exclusion of the papist [311] succession, and he ends the first letter by refuting the bishop&amp;#39;s definition of prayer, as a &amp;#39; calm, undisturbed address to God^22  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote22sym&amp;gt; ^1  in a passage which is one of the finest pleas in our language for the right use of passion, and which admirably sums up the fundamental difference of outlook between the mystic and the rationalist temper in the things of the spirit. &lt;p&gt;	Law&amp;#39;s next work, /Remarks on the Fable of the Bees/ (1723), is an answer to Mandeville&amp;#39;s poem^23  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote23sym&amp;gt;^2 , the moral of which is that &amp;#39;private vices are public benefits,&amp;#39; and Law, characteristically seizing on the fallacy underlying Mandeville&amp;#39;s clever paradoxes, deals with his definition of the nature of man and of virtue in a style at once buoyant, witty and caustic. &lt;p&gt;/	The Case of Reason/ (1731) is Law&amp;#39;s answer to the deists, and, more especially, to Tindal&amp;#39;s Christianity as /Old as the Creation /(1730). To reply to such arguments as those of Tindal and the deists in general was, to a man of Law&amp;#39;s insight and intellect, an easy task. He brings out well the fundamental difference between his and their points of view. Deists saw a universe governed by fixed laws, a scheme of creation which was &amp;#39;plain and perspicuous^24  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote24sym&amp;gt;^3 ,&amp;#39; capable of accurate investigation, and they believed in a magnified man God outside the universe, whose nature, methods and aims were, or should be, perfectly clear to the minds of his creatures. Law saw a living universe, wrapped in impenetrable mystery, and believed in a God who was so infinitely greater than man, that, of His nature, or of the reason or fitness of his actions, men can know nothing whatsoever. Why complain of mysteries in revelation, he says, when &amp;#39;no revealed mysteries can more exceed the comprehension of man, than the state of human life itself^25  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote25sym&amp;gt;^4 &amp;#39; ? &lt;p&gt;	Tindal asserts that the &amp;#39; fitness of things &amp;#39; must be the sole rule of God&amp;#39;s actions. &amp;#39; I readily grant this,&amp;#39; says Law,  &amp;#39;but what judges are we of the fitness of things? &amp;#39; We can no more judge the divine nature than we can raise ourselves to a state of infinite wisdom ; and the rule by which God acts &amp;#39;must in many instances be entirely inconceivable by us . . . and in no instances fully known or perfectly comprehended^26  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote26sym&amp;gt; ^5 &amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	In short, the fundamental assumption of the deists, that human reason is all-sufficient to guide us to truth, is the great error which [312] William Law and the Mystics Law, in his later writings especially, set himself to combat ; in his opinion, it is devilish pride, the sin by which the angels fell^27  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote27sym&amp;gt; ^1 . &lt;p&gt;	In the further development of his position in /The Case of Reason/, we can see many indications of the future mystic ; for the crudely material thought of his opponent seems to have called into expression, for the first time, many of Law&amp;#39;s more characteristic beliefs. There is, throughout, a strong sense of man&amp;#39;s capacity for spiritual development, and a settled belief that the human mind cannot possibly know anything as it really is, but can only know things in so far as it is able to apprehend them through symbol or analogy. Things supernatural or divine, he says, cannot be revealed to us in their own nature, for the simple reason that we are not capable of knowing them. If an angel were to appear to us, he would have to appear, not as he really is, but in some human bodily form, so that his appearance might be suited to our capacities. Thus, with any supernatural or divine matter, it can only be represented to us by its likeness to something that we already naturally know^28  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote28sym&amp;gt;^2 . This is the way in which revelation teaches us, and it is only able to teach so much outward knowledge of a great mystery as human language can represent^29  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote29sym&amp;gt;^3  ; reason is impotent in face of it, and only by the spiritual faculty that exists in us can the things of the spirit be even dimly apprehended^30  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote30sym&amp;gt;^4 . &lt;p&gt;	Law&amp;#39;s practical and ethical works, A Practical Treatise upon Christian Perfection (1726) and A Serious Call (1728), have been more read and are better known than any other of his writings ; moreover, they explain themselves, being independent both of local controversies and of any special metaphysic. For these reasons, comparatively little need be said about them here. Both treatises are concerned with the practical question of how to live in accordance With the teachings of Christ, and they point out with peculiar force that the way consists, not in performing this or that act of devotion or ceremony, but in a new principle of life, an entire change of temper and of aspiration. &lt;p&gt;	Christian Perfection, though somewhat gloomy and austere in tone, has much charm and beauty ; but it was quite overshadowed by the wider popularity of what many consider Law&amp;#39;s greatest work, A Serious Call, a book of extraordinary power, delightful and persuasive style, racy wit and unanswerable logic. Never have the inconsistency between Christian precept and practice been so ruthlessly exposed and the secret springs of men&amp;#39;s hearts so [313] uncompromisingly laid bare. Never has the ideal of the Christian life been painted by one who lived more literally in accordance with every word he preached. That is the secret of /A Serious Call/; it is written from the heart, by a man in deep earnest; and in an age distinguished for its mediocrity and easygoing laxness, Law&amp;#39;s lofty ideals acted as an electric current, setting aflame the hearts of all who came under their power. &lt;p&gt;	Few books in English have wielded such an influence. John Wesley himself acknowledged that /A Serious Call/ sowed the seed of methodism^31  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote31sym&amp;gt;^1 , and, undoubtedly, next to the Bible, it contributed more than any other book to the spread of evangelicalism. It made the deepest impression on Wesley himself; he preached after its model^32  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote32sym&amp;gt; ^2  ; he used it as a text-book for the highest class at Kingswood school ; and, a few months before his death, he spoke of it as &amp;#39;a treatise which will hardly be excelled, if it be equalled, in the English tongue, either for beauty of expression or for justice and depth of thought.&amp;#39; Charles Wesley, Henry Whitfield, Henry Venn, Thomas Scott, Thomas Adam and James Stillingfleet are among other great methodists and evangelicals who have recorded how profoundly it affected them. But it did not appeal only to this type of mind. Dr Johnson, who praised it in no measured terms, attributes his first serious thoughts to the reading of it. &amp;#39;I became,&amp;#39; he says, &amp;#39; a sort of lax talker against religion, for I did not much think against it ; and this lasted till I went to Oxford^33  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote33sym&amp;gt;^3 .&amp;#39; When there, &lt;p&gt;I took up Law&amp;#39;s /Serious Call to a Holy Life/, expecting to find it a dull book (as such books generally are)... But I found Law quite an over-match for me; and this was the first occasion of my thinking in earnest of religion. &lt;p&gt;Gibbon^34  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote34sym&amp;gt;^4  and the first Lord Lyttelton (who, taking it up at bedtime, was forced to read it through before he could go to rest)^35  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote35sym&amp;gt;^5  are two among many other diverse characters who felt its force. &lt;p&gt;	Such, very briefly, were Law&amp;#39;s views and writings until middle age. Although, before that time, they do not show any marked mystical tendency, yet we know that, from his undergraduate-ship onwards, Law was a &amp;#39;diligent reader&amp;#39; of mystical books^36  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote36sym&amp;gt; ^6  and, when at Cambridge, he wrote a thesis entitled /Malebranche, and /[314]/ the Vision of All Things in God/. There is no question that he was strongly attracted to, and probably influenced by, Malebranche&amp;#39;s view that all true knowledge is but the measure of the extent to which the individual can participate in the universal life; that, unless we see God in some measure, we do not see anything ; and that it is only by union with God we are capable of knowing what we do know^37  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote37sym&amp;gt;^1 . On the other hand, there are points in Malebranche&amp;#39;s philosophy — which curiously stops short of its logical conclusion — quite opposed to Law&amp;#39;s later thought: more especially the belief, which Malebranche shared with Descartes on the one side and Locke on the other, that body and spirit are separate and contrary existences ; whereas, in Law&amp;#39;s view, body and spirit are but inward and outward expressions of the same being^38  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote38sym&amp;gt;^2 . Among other mystics studied by Law were Dionysius the Areopagite, the Belgian and German writers Johannes Ruysbroek, Johann Tauler, Heinrich Suso and others, and the seventeenth century quietists, F&amp;#233;nelon, Madame Guyon and Antoinette Bourignon. The last two were much admired by Byrom, who loved to recur to them in writing and in talk ; but they were not altogether congenial to Law ; they were too diffuse, sentimental and even hysterical to please his essentially robust and manly temper. When, however, he was about forty-six (c. 1733), he came across the work of the seer who supplied just what he needed, and who set his whole nature aglow with mystical fervour. Jacob Boehme (or Behmen, as he has usually been called in England), the peasant shoemaker of Gorlitz, is one of the most amazing phenomena in an amazing age. He was the son of a herdsman, and, as a boy, helped his father to tend cattle; he was taught how to write and read, was apprenticed to a shoemaker, married the daughter of a butcher and lived quietly and humbly, troubled only by years of bitter persecution from his pastor, who stirred up the civil authorities against him. This was his outer life, sober and hard-working, like that of his fellow-seer, William Blake, but, like him also, he lived in a glory of inner illumination, by the light of which he caught glimpses of mysteries and of splendours which, even in Boehme&amp;#39;s broken and faltering syllables, dazzle and blind the ordinary reader. He saw with the eye of his mind into the heart of things, and he wrote down so much of it as he could understand with his reason. He had a quick and supple intelligence, and an intense power of [315] visualizing. Everything appears to him as an image, and, with him, a logical process expresses itself in a series of pictures. Although illiterate and untrained, Boehme was in touch with the thought of his time, and the form of his work, at any rate, owes a good deal to it. The older speculative mysticism which rather despised nature, and sought for light from within, coming down from Plotinus through Meister Eckhart and Tauler, had, in Germany, been carried on and developed by Caspar von Schwenckfeld and Sebastian Franck ; while a revival of the still older practical or &amp;#39; perceptive mysticism of the east, based on a study of the natural sciences (in which were included astrology, alchemy and magic), had been brought about by Cornelius Agrippa and Paracelsus, both of whom owed much to the Jewish Cabbala. These two mystical traditions, the one starting from within, the other from without, were, to some extent, reconciled into one system by the Lutheran pastor Valentin Weigel, with whose mysticism Boehme has much in common. &lt;p&gt;	The older mystics — eastern and western alike — had laid supreme stress on unity as seen in the nature of God and all things. No one more fully believed in ultimate unity than did Boehme ; but he lays peculiar stress on the duality, or, more accurately, the trinity in unity, and the central point of his philosophy is the fundamental postulate that all manifestation necessitates opposition. He asserted the uniformity of law throughout all existence, physical and spiritual, and this law, which applies throughout nature, divine and human alike, is that nothing can reveal itself without resistance, good can only be known through evil, and weakness through strength, just as light is only visible when reflected by a dark body^39  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote39sym&amp;gt;^1  &lt;p&gt;	Thus, when God, the triune principle, or will under three aspects, desires to become manifest. He divides the will into two, the &amp;#39; yes &amp;#39; and the &amp;#39; no,&amp;#39; and so founds an eternal contrast to Himself out of His own hidden nature, in order to enter into a struggle with it, and, finally, to discipline and assimilate it The object of all manifested nature is the transforming of the will which says &amp;#39;no&amp;#39; into the will which says &amp;#39;yes,&amp;#39; and this is brought about by seven organizing spirits or forms. The first three of these bring nature out of the dark element to the point where contact with light is possible. Boehme calls them harshness, attraction and anguish, which, in modern terms, are contraction, expansion, and rotation. The first two are in deadly antagonism, and, being [316] forced into collision, form an endless whirl of movement. These two forces, with their resultant effect, are to be found all through manifested nature, within man and without, and are called by different names : good, evil and life ; God, the devil and the world ; homogeneity, heterogeneity, strain, or the three laws of motion, centripetal and centrifugal force, resulting in rotation. They are the outcome of the &amp;#39;nature&amp;#39; or &amp;#39;no will,&amp;#39; and are the basis of all manifestation. They are the &amp;#39;power&amp;#39; of God, apart from the &amp;#39;love,&amp;#39; hence, their conflict is terrible. At this point, spirit and nature approach and meet, and, from the shock, a new form is liberated, lightning or fire, which is the fourth moment or essence ; in the spark of the lightning, all that is dark, gross and selfish in nature is consumed ; the flash brings the rotating wheel of anguish to a standstill, and it becomes a cross. A divine law is accomplished ; for all life has a double birth, suffering is the condition of joy and only in going through fire or the Cross can man reach light. With the lightning ends the development of the negative triad, and the evolution of the three higher forms then begins ; Boehme calls them light or love, sound and substance ; they are of the spirit, and, in them, contraction, expansion and rotation are repeated in a new sense^40  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote40sym&amp;gt;^1  The first three forms give the stuff or strength of being ; the last three manifest the quality of being, good or bad ; and evolution can proceed in either direction. &lt;p&gt;	These principles of nature can be looked at in another way. If they are resolved into two sets of three, in the first three the dark principle which Boehme calls fire is manifested, while the last three form the principle of light. These two are eternally distinct, and, whichever is manifested, the other remains hidden. This doctrine of the hidden and manifest is peculiar to Boehme, and lies at the root of his explanation of evil. A spiritual principle becomes manifest by taking on a form or quality. The &amp;#39; dark &amp;#39; or harsh principle in God is not evil in itself when in its right place, i.e., when hidden, and forming the necessary basis for the light or good. But, through the fall of man, the divine order has been transgressed, and the dark side has become manifest and appears to us as evil Many chemical processes help to give a crude illustration of Boehme&amp;#39;s thought. Suppose &amp;#39;water&amp;#39; stands for complete good or reality as God sees it. Of the two different gases, [317] hydrogen (= evil) and oxygen (= good) each is manifested separately, with peculiar qualities of its own, but, when they combine, their original form goes &amp;#39;into hiddenness,&amp;#39; and we get a new body &amp;#39; water.&amp;#39; Neither of them alone is water, and yet water could not be if either were lacking. &lt;p&gt;	In reading Boehme, it must not be forgotten that he has a living intuition of the eternal forces which lie at the root of all things. He is struggling to express the stupendous world-drama which is ever being enacted, in the universe without and in the soul of man within ; and, to this end, he presses into his service symbolical, biblical and alchemical terms, although he fully realizes their inadequacy. &amp;#39;I speak thus,&amp;#39; he says, &amp;#39; in bodily fashion, for the sake of my readers&amp;#39; lack of understanding.&amp;#39; Unless this be remembered, Boehme&amp;#39;s work, in common with that of all mystics, is liable to the gravest misunderstanding. He is never weary of explaining that, although he is forced to describe things in a series of images, there is no such thing as historical succession, &amp;#39;for the eternal dwells not in time^41  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote41sym&amp;gt;^1  He has to speak of the generation of God as though it were an act in time, although to do so is to use &amp;#39;diabolical&amp;#39; (i.e., knowingly untrue) language, for God hath no beginning. Everything he describes is going on always and simultaneously, even as all the qualities he names are in everything which is manifested. &amp;#39;The birth of nature takes place today, just as it did in the beginning.&amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	It would be impossible to give here any adequate account of Boehme&amp;#39;s vision; but the four fundamental principles which he enunciated and emphasized may be thus summarized : will or desire as the original force; contrast or duality as the condition of all manifestation ; the relation of the hidden and the manifest ; development as a progressive unfolding of difference, with a final resolution into unity. The practical and ethical result of this living unity of nature is simple. Boehme&amp;#39;s philosophy is one which can only be apprehended by living it Will, or desire, is the root-force in man as it is in nature and in the Godhead, and, until this is turned towards the light, any purely historical or intellectual knowledge of these things is as useless as if hydrogen were to study all the qualities of oxygen, expecting thus to become water; whereas, what is needed is the actual union of the elements. &lt;p&gt;	The whole of Boehme&amp;#39;s practical teaching, as, also, that of Law, might be summed up in the story told of an Indian sage who was importuned by a young man as to how he could find God. For [318] some time, the sage did not give any answer ; but, one evening, he bade the youth come and bathe with him in the river, and, while there, he gripped him suddenly and held his head under the water until he was nearly drowned. When he had released him, the sage asked, &amp;#39;What did you want most when your head was under water?&amp;#39; and the youth replied, &amp;#39;A breath of air.&amp;#39; To which the sage answered, &amp;#39;When you want God as you wanted that breath of air you will find Him.&amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	This realization of the momentous quality of the will is the secret of every religious mystic^42  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote42sym&amp;gt;^1 ; the hunger of the soul, as Law calls it^43  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote43sym&amp;gt;^2 , is the first necessity, and all else will follow. Such was the thought of the writer who, spiritually, was closely akin to our two greatest English mystics. William Blake saw visions and spoke a tongue like that of the illuminated cobbler ; and of Law, who was not a seer^44  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote44sym&amp;gt;^3 , we learn that, when he first read Boehme&amp;#39;s works, they put him into &amp;#39; a perfect sweat. &amp;#39; Only those who combine intense mystical aspiration with a clear and imperious intellect can fully realize what the experience must have been. &lt;p&gt;	The two most important of Law&amp;#39;s mystical treatises are /An Appeal to all that Doubt (1740), and The Way to Divine Knowledge/ (1752). The first of these should be read by anyone desirous of knowing Law&amp;#39;s later thought, for it is a clear and fine exposition of his attitude with regard more especially to the nature of man, the unity of all nature and the quality of fire or desire. The later book is an account of the main principles of Boehme, with a warning as to the right way to apply them, and it was written as an introduction to the new edition of Boehme&amp;#39;s works which Law contemplated publishing. Law&amp;#39;s later, are but an expansion of his earlier, views ; the main difference being that, whereas, in the practical treatises (/Christian Perfection and A Serious Call/), he urges certain temper and conduct because it is our duty to obey God, or because it is right or lawful, in his later writings — Boehme having furnished the clue — he adds not only the reason for this conduct being right, but the means of attaining it, by expounding the working of the law itself. The following aspect, then, of Boehme&amp;#39;s teaching is that which Law most consistently emphasizes. &lt;br&gt;[319] &lt;br&gt;	Man was made out of the breath of God ; his soul is a spark of the Deity. It, therefore, cannot die, for it &amp;#39; has the unbeginning unending life of God in it.&amp;#39; Man has fallen from his high estate through ignorance and inexperience, through seeking separation, taking the part for the whole, desiring the knowledge of good and evil as separate things. The assertion of self is, thus, the root of all evil ; for, so soon as the will of man &amp;#39; turns to itself, and would, as it were, have a sound of its own, it breaks off from the divine harmony, and falls into the misery of its own discord.&amp;#39; For it is the state of our will that makes the state of our life. Hence, by &amp;#39;the fall,&amp;#39; man&amp;#39;s standpoint has been dislocated from the centre to the circumference, and he lives in a false imagination. Every quality is equally good, for there is nothing evil in God, from whom all comes ; but evil appears to be through separation. Thus, strength and desire in the divine nature are necessary and magnificent qualities, but when, as in the creature, they are separated from love, they appear as evil. The analogy of the fruit is, in this connection, a favourite one with both Law and Boehme. When a fruit is unripe {i.e. incomplete), it is sour, bitter, astringent, unwholesome ; but, when it has been longer exposed to the sun and air, it becomes sweet, luscious and good to eat. Yet it is the same fruit, and the astringent qualities are not lost or destroyed, but transmuted and enriched, and are thus the main cause of its goodness^45  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote45sym&amp;gt; ^1 . The only way to pass from this condition of &amp;#39;bitterness&amp;#39; to ripeness, from this false imagination to the true one, is the way of death. We must die to what we are before we can be born anew^46  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote46sym&amp;gt;^2 ; we must die to the things of this world to which we cling, and for which we desire and hope, and we must turn towards God. This should be the daily, hourly exercise of the mind, until the whole turn and bent of our spirit &amp;#39;points as constantly to God as the needle touched with the loadstone does to the north^47  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote47sym&amp;gt; ^3 .&amp;#39; To be alive in God, before you are dead to your own nature, is &amp;#39;a thing as impossible in itself, as for a grain of wheat to be alive before it dies^48  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote48sym&amp;gt;^4 &amp;#39;.&lt;p&gt;	The root of all, then, is the will or desire^49  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote49sym&amp;gt;^5  It is the seed of everything that can grow in us ; &amp;#39;it is the only workman in nature, and everything is its work &amp;#39; ; it is the true magic power. And this will or desire is always active ; every man&amp;#39;s life is a continual state [320] of prayer, and, if we are not praying for the things of God, we are praying for something else^50  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote50sym&amp;gt;^1  For prayer is but the desire of the soul. Our imaginations and desires are, therefore, the greatest realities we have, and we should look closely to what they are^51  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote51sym&amp;gt;^2 . &lt;p&gt;	It is essential to the understanding of Law, as of Boehme, to remember his belief in the reality and actuality of the oneness of nature and of Law^52  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote52sym&amp;gt;^3 . Nature is God&amp;#39;s great book of revelation, for it is nothing else but God&amp;#39;s own outward manifestation of what He inwardly is, and can do. The mysteries of religion, therefore, are no higher, and no deeper than the mysteries of nature^53  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote53sym&amp;gt;^4 . God Himself is subject to this law. There is no question of God&amp;#39;s mercy or of His wrath^54  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote54sym&amp;gt; ^5 , for it is an eternal principle that we can only receive what we are capable of receiving ; and, to ask why one person does not gain any help from the mercy and goodness of God while another does gain help is &amp;#39; like asking why the refreshing dew of Heaven does not do that to flint which it does to the vegetable plant^55  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote55sym&amp;gt;^6 ?&amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	Self-denial and mortification of the flesh are not things imposed upon us by the mere will of God : considered in themselves, they have nothing of goodness or holiness ; but they have their ground and reason in the nature of the thing, and are as &amp;#39; absolutely necessary to make way for the new birth, as the death of the husk and gross part of the grain is necessary to make way for its vegetable life^56  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote56sym&amp;gt;^7 .&amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	Law&amp;#39;s attitude towards learning, which has been somewhat misunderstood, is a part of his belief in the &amp;#39; Light Within,&amp;#39; which he shares with all mystical thinkers. In judging of what he says as to the inadequacy of book knowledge and scholarship, it is necessary to call to mind the characteristics of his age and public. When we remember the barren controversies about externals in matters religious which raged all through his lifetime, and the exaltation of the reason as the only means whereby man could know anything of the deeper truths of existence, it is not surprising that, with Law, the pendulum should swing in the opposite direction, and that, with passionate insistence, he should be driven to assert the utter inadequacy of the intellect by itself in all spiritual concerns^57  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote57sym&amp;gt;^8 . &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;	He, says Law, who looks to his reason as the true power and light of his nature, &amp;#39;betrays the same Ignorance of the whole Nature, Power and Office of Reason as if he were to smell with his Eyes, or see with his Nose^58  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote58sym&amp;gt; ^1 &amp;#39; All true knowledge, he urges, must come from within, it must be experienced ; and, if it were not that man has the divine nature in him, no omnipotence of God could open in him the knowledge of divine things. There cannot be any knowledge of things but where the thing itself is ; there cannot be any knowledge &amp;#39; of any unpossessed Matters, for knowledge can only be yours as Sickness and Health is yours, not conveyed to you by a Hearsay Notion, but the Fruit of your own Perception^59  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote59sym&amp;gt; ^2 .&amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	Law, liberal scholar, clear reasoner and finished writer, was no more an enemy of learning than Ruskin was an enemy of writing and reading because he said that there were very few people in the world who got any good by either. Their scornful remarks on these subjects often mislead their readers; yet the aim of both writers was not to belittle these things in themselves, but solely to put them in their right place^60  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote60sym&amp;gt;^3 . &lt;p&gt;	Law is among the greatest of English prose writers, and no one ever more truly possessed than he &amp;#39; the splendid and imperishable excellence of sincerity and strength.&amp;#39; Those who least understand his later views, who look upon them as &amp;#39;idle fancies,&amp;#39; and on the whole subject of his mystical thought as &amp;#39;a melancholy topic &amp;#39; are constrained to admit, not only that he writes fine and lucid prose in /A Serious Call/, but that, in his mystical treatises, his style becomes mellower and rises to greater heights than in his earlier work^61  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote61sym&amp;gt;^4 . The reason for this cumulative richness is that the history and development of Law&amp;#39;s prose style is the history and development of his character. As applied to him, Buffon&amp;#39;s epigram was strictly true. Sincerity is the keynote of his whole nature, sincerity of thought, of belief, of speech and of life. Sincerity implies courage, and Law was a brave man, never shirking the logical outcome of his convictions, from the day when he ruined his prospects at Cambridge, to the later years when he suffered his considerable reputation to be eclipsed by his espousal of an un-comprehended and unpopular mysticism. He had a keen, rather than a profound, intellect, and his thought is lightened by brilliant flashes of wit or of grim satire. On this side, his was a true [322] eighteenth century mind, logical, sane, practical, with, at the same time, a touch of whimsey, and a tendency to a quite unexpected lack of balance on certain subjects. Underneath a severe and slightly stiff exterior lay, however, emotion, enthusiasm and great tenderness of feeling. When he was still a young man, the logical and satirical side was strongest; in later years, this was much tempered by emotion and tenderness. &lt;p&gt;	This description of Law&amp;#39;s character might equally serve as a description of his style. It is strong, sincere, rhythmical, but, except under stress of feeling, not especially melodious. A certain stiffness and lack of adaptability, which was characteristic of the man, makes itself felt in his prose, in spite of his free use of italics and capital letters. Law&amp;#39;s first object is to be explicit, to convey the precise shade of his meaning, and, for this purpose, he chooses the most homely similes, and is not in the least afraid of repetition, either of words or thoughts. A good instance of his method, and one which illustrates his disregard for iteration, his sarcastic vein and his power of expressing his meaning in a simile, is the parable of the pond in A Serious Call, which was versified by Byrom^62  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote62sym&amp;gt;^1  &lt;p&gt;	Again, if you should see a man that had a /large pond of water/, yet living in continual thirst, not suffering himself to drink /half a draught/, for fear of lessening his pond; if you should see him wasting his time and strength, in /fetching more/ water to his pond, always /thirsty/, yet always carrying a bucket of water in his hand, watching early and late to catch the /drops/ of rain, gaping after every cloud, and running greedily into every /mire/ and /mud/, in hopes of water, and always studying how to make every /ditch/ empty itself into his /pond/. If you should see him grow grey and old in these anxious labours, and at last end /a careful, thirsty life/, by falling into his own /pond/, would you not say, that such a one was not only the author of all his own disquiets, but was foolish enough to be reckoned amongst /idiots and madmen/ ? But yet foolish and absurd as this character is, it does not represent half the follies, and absurd disquiets of the /covetous man/.&lt;p&gt;	Law&amp;#39;s use of simile and analogy in argument is characteristic. By means of it, he lights up his position in one flash, or with dexterity lays bare an inconsistency. His use of analogies between natural, and mental and spiritual, processes is frequent, and is applied with power in his later writings, when the oneness of law in the spiritual and natural worlds became the very ground of his philosophy. He had the command of several instruments and could play in different keys. Remarks upon the /Fable of the Bees (1723), and The Spirit of Prayer/ (1749—50), while exhibiting different sides of the man, are excellent examples of the variety and [323] range of his prose. The earlier work is biting, crisp, brilliant and severely logical, written in pithy sentences and short paragraphs, containing a large proportion of words of one syllable, the printed page thus presenting to the eye quite a different appearance from that of his later work. Remarks displays to the full Law&amp;#39;s peculiar power of illustrating the fallacy of an abstract argument, by embodying it in a concrete example. Mandeville&amp;#39;s poem is a vigorous satire in the Hudibrastic vein, and, in Law&amp;#39;s answer, it called out the full share of the same quality which he himself possessed. &amp;#39; Though I direct myself to you,&amp;#39; he begins, in addressing Mandeville, &amp;#39; I hope it will be no Offence if I sometimes speak as if I was speaking to a Christian.&amp;#39; The two assertions of Mandeville which Law is chiefly concerned to refute are that man is only an animal, and morality only an imposture. &amp;#39; According to this Doctrine,&amp;#39; he retorts, &amp;#39; to say that a Man is dishonest, is making him just such a Criminal as a Horse that does not dance.&amp;#39; This is the kind of unerring homely simile which abounds in Law&amp;#39;s writing, and which reminds us of the swift and caustic wit of Mrs Poyser. Other examples could be cited to illustrate the pungency and raciness of Law&amp;#39;s style when he is in the mood for logical refutation. But it is only necessary to glance at the first half page of /The Spirit of Prayer/ to appreciate the marked difference in temper and phrasing. The early characteristics are as strong as ever ; but, in addition, there is a tolerance, a tender charm, an imaginative quality and a melody of rhythm rarely to be found in the early work. The sentences and phrases are longer, and move to a different measure ; and, all through, the treatise is steeped in mystic ardour, and, while possessed of a strength and beauty which Plotinus himself has seldom surpassed, conveys the longing of the soul for union with the Divine. &lt;p&gt;	In /A Serious Call/, Law makes considerable use of his power of character drawing, of which there are indications already in /Christian Perfection/. This style of writing, very popular in the seventeenth century, had long been a favourite method for conveying moral instruction, and Law uses it with great skill. His sketches of Flavia and Miranda, &amp;#39; the heathen and Christian sister &amp;#39;as Gibbon calls them, are two of the best known and most elaborate of his portraits. Law&amp;#39;s foolish, inconsistent and selfish characters, such as the woman of fashion, the scholar, the country gentleman or the man of affairs, are more true to life, and, indeed, more sympathetic to frail humanity, than the few virtuous characters he has drawn. This is a key, perhaps, to the limitations of Law&amp;#39;s outlook, [324] and, more especially, of his influence ; for, in his view, a man&amp;#39;s work in the world, and his more mundane characteristics, are as nothing, so that one good person is precisely like another. Thus, a pious physician is acceptable to God as pious, but not at all as a physician^63  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote63sym&amp;gt; ^1 . &lt;p&gt;	/A Serious Call/, as a whole, is a fine example of Law&amp;#39;s middle style, grave, clear and rhythmical, with the strong sarcastic tendency restrained ; not, on the one hand, so brilliant as the /Remarks/, nor, on the other, so illumined as /The Spirit of Prayer/. Yet, it throbs with feeling, and, indeed, as Sir Leslie Stephen — himself not wholly in sympathy with it — has finely said, its &amp;#39; power can only be adequately felt by readers who can study it on their knees.&amp;#39; One can well imagine how repugnant it would have been to the writer that such a work should be criticised or appraised from a purely literary point of view; and yet, if William Law had not been a great literary craftsman, the lofty teaching of his /Serious Call/ would not have influenced, as it has, entire generations of English-speaking people. &lt;p&gt;	On the whole, the distinguishing and peculiar characteristic of Law as a prose writer is that, for the most part, he is occupied with things which can only be experienced emotionally and spiritually, and that he treats them according to his closely logical habit of mind. The result is an unusual combination of reason and emotion which makes appeal at once to the intellect and the heart of the reader. &lt;p&gt;	Although Law&amp;#39;s spiritual influence in his own generation was probably more profound than that of any other man of his day, yet he had curiously few direct followers. It is easy to see that he was far too independent a thinker to be acceptable even to the high churchmen whose cause he espoused, and, though he was greatly revered by methodists and evangelists, his later mysticism was wholly abhorrent to them^64  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote64sym&amp;gt;^2 . The most famous members of the little band of disciples who visited him at Putney were the Wesleys, John and Charles, who, two or three times yearly, used to travel the whole distance from Oxford on foot in order to consult their &amp;#39;oracle^65  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote65sym&amp;gt; ^3 &amp;#39; Later, however, there was a rupture between them, when Wesley, on his return from Georgia in 1738, having joined the Moravians, seems suddenly to have realized, and to have contended, in very forcible language, that, [325] although Law, in his books (/A Christian Perfection and A Serious Call/), put a very high ideal before men, he had, nevertheless, omitted to emphasize that the only means of attaining it was through the atonement of Christ^66  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote66sym&amp;gt; ^1 . This was largely the quarrel of Wesley, as, also, of the later methodists, with mysticism in general ; &amp;#39;under the term mysticism,&amp;#39; he writes from Georgia, &amp;#39;I comprehend those and only those who slight any of the means of grace^67  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote67sym&amp;gt;^2 &amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	George Cheyne, fashionable doctor, vegetarian and mystic, was another of Law&amp;#39;s friends at this time ; but the most charming and most lovable of his followers was his devoted admirer, John Byrom. The relationship between these two men much resembles that of Johnson and Boswell, and we find the same outspoken brusqueness, concealing a very real affection, on the part of the mentor, with the same unswerving devotion and zealous record of details — even of the frequent snubs received — on the part of the disciple. Byrom, in many ways, reminds us of Goldsmith; he possesses something of the artless simplicity, the rare and fragrant charm, which is the outcome of a sincere and tender nature; he has many forgivable foibles and weaknesses, a delightful, because completely natural, style in prose and a considerable variety of interests and pursuits. He travelled abroad and studied medicine, and, though he never took a medical degree, he was always called Doctor by his friends; he was an ardent Jacobite, a poet, a mystic and the inventor of a system of shorthand, by the teaching of which he increased his income until, in 1740, he succeeded to the family property near Manchester. &lt;p&gt;	Byrom, though a contemporary of Law at Cambridge, evidently did not know him personally until 1729, and his first recorded meeting with his hero, as, also, the later ones, form some of the most attractive passages of an entirely delightful and too little known book, /The Private Journal and Literary Remains of John Byrom/. It is from this journal that we gather most of our information about Law at Putney, and from it that, incidentally, we get the fullest light on his character and personality. &lt;p&gt;	On 15 February 1729, Byrom bought /A Serious Call/, and, on the following 4 March, he and a friend named Mildmay went down in the Fulham coach to Putney to interview the author. This was the beginning of an intimacy which lasted until Law&amp;#39;s death, and [326] which was founded on a strong community of tastes in matters of mystical philosophy, and on the unswerving devotion of Byrom to his &amp;#39;master^68  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote68sym&amp;gt; ^1 &amp;#39;. They met at Cambridge, where Byrom gave shorthand lessons, and Law shepherded his unsatisfactory pupil ; at Putney, in Somerset gardens and, later, at King&amp;#39;s Cliffe^69  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote69sym&amp;gt;^2 . &lt;p&gt;	Byrom, though scarcely a poet, for he lacked imagination, had an unusual facility for turning everything into rime. He sometimes wrote in very pleasing and graceful vein^70  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote70sym&amp;gt;^3 , and he had an undoubted gift of epigram^71  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote71sym&amp;gt;^4 ; but he was particularly fond of making verse paraphrases of prose writings, and especially of those of William Law. His two finest pieces of this kind are /An Epistle to a Gentleman of the Temple/ (1749), which versifies Law&amp;#39;s /Spirit of Prayer/; and the letter on /Enthusiasm/ (1752), founded on the latter part of Law&amp;#39;s /Animadversions upon Dr Trapp&amp;#39;s Reply/. This last poem is written with admirable clearness and point; Law&amp;#39;s defence of enthusiasm is one of the best things he wrote, and Byrom does full justice to it. &amp;#39;Enthusiasm,&amp;#39; meaning, more especially &amp;#39;a misconceit of inspiration^72  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote72sym&amp;gt; ^5 &amp;#39; the laying claim to peculiar divine guidance or &amp;#39;inner light,&amp;#39; resulting in anything approaching fanaticism or even emotion, was a quality equally abhorred and feared in the eighteenth century by philosophers, divines and methodists, indeed, by everyone except mystics. The first care of every writer and thinker was to clear himself of any suspicion of this &amp;#39;horrid thing^73  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote73sym&amp;gt; ^6 &amp;#39; Law&amp;#39;s argument, which is to the effect that enthusiasm is but the kindling of the driving desire or will of every intelligent creature, is well summarized by Byrom: — [327] &lt;br&gt;Think not that you are no Enthusiast, then! &lt;br&gt;All Men are such, as sure as they are Men. &lt;br&gt;The Thing itself is not at all to blame &lt;br&gt;&amp;#39;Tis in each State of human Life the same, &lt;br&gt;...&lt;br&gt;That which concerns us therefore, is to see &lt;br&gt;What Species of Enthusiasts we be^74  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote74sym&amp;gt;^1 . &lt;p&gt;	Byrom hoped that, by turning them into verse, Law&amp;#39;s later teachings might reach a larger public^75  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote75sym&amp;gt;^2 , and, in this. Law evidently agreed with him, looking upon him as a valuable ally. Byrom&amp;#39;s work certainly did not lack appreciation by his contemporaries; Warburton — who had no cause to love him — thought highly of it, and Wesley, who ascribes to him all the wit and humour of Swift, together with much more learning, says that in his poems are &amp;#39;some of the noblest truths expressed with the utmost energy of language, and the strongest colours of poetry^76  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote76sym&amp;gt; ^3 .&amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	Henry Brooke^77  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote77sym&amp;gt;^4  was another writer who was deeply imbued with Boehme&amp;#39;s thought, and his expression of it, imbedded in that curious book /The Fool of Quality/ (1766 — 70), reached, probably, a larger public than did Law&amp;#39;s mystical treatises^78  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote78sym&amp;gt; ^5 . In many ways, Brooke must have been a charming character, original, tender-hearted, overflowing with sentiment, but entirely incapable of concentration or even continuity of thought. His book is a brave one, full of high ideals. It is an extraordinary mixture of schoolboy pranks, romantic adventures, stories — ancient and modern — ethical dialogues, dissertations on mystical philosophy, political economy, the British constitution, the relation of the sexes, the training of a gentleman and many other topics. Mr Meekly and Mr Fenton (or Clinton) are Brooke&amp;#39;s two exponents of a very general and diluted form of &amp;#39;Behmenism.&amp;#39; The existence of the two wills, the formation of Christ within the soul, the reflection of God&amp;#39;s image in matter as in a mirror, the nature of beauty, of man and of God, the fall of Lucifer and the angels, and of Adam — all these things are discussed and explained in mystical language, steeped in emotion and sentiment^79  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote79sym&amp;gt;^6 . &lt;br&gt;[328]&lt;br&gt;	/The Fool of Quality/ found favour with John Wesley, who reprinted it in 1781, under the title /The History of Henry Earl of Moreland/. In doing this, he reduced it from five volumes to two, omitting, as he says in his preface, &amp;#39; a great part of the mystic Divinity, as it is more philosophical than Scriptural.&amp;#39; He goes on to speak of the book with the highest praise, &amp;#39;I now venture to recommend the following Treatise as the most excellent in its kind of any that I have seen, either in the English, or any other language&amp;#39; ; its greatest excellence being &amp;#39;that it continually strikes at the heart ... I know not who can survey it with tearless eyes, unless he has a heart of stone.&amp;#39; Launched thus, with the imprimatur of their great leader, it became favourite reading with generations of devout Wesleyans, and, in this form, passed through many editions^80  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote80sym&amp;gt; ^1 . &lt;p&gt;	Mystics, unlike other thinkers, scientific or philosophical, have little chronological development, since mysticism can neither age nor die. They rarely found schools of thought in their own day. It is, therefore, not surprising that, in spite of various strains of a mystic tendency, the mysticism of Law and his small circle of followers had no marked influence on the main stream of eighteenth century thought. The atmosphere of the age was antagonistic to it, and it remained an undercurrent only, the impulse given by Law in this direction spending itself finally among little-known dreamers and eccentrics^81  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote81sym&amp;gt;^2 . &lt;p&gt;Later, some of the root - ideas of Boehme returned to England by way of Hegel, Schelling, Jung-Stilling and Friedrich Schlegel, or through Boehme&amp;#39;s French disciple, Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin. They influenced Coleridge^82  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote82sym&amp;gt; ^3 , and profoundly modified nineteenth century conceptions, thus preparing the way for the better understanding of mystical thought. Blake&amp;#39;s prophetic books are only now, after a hundred years, beginning to find readers, and, undoubtedly, Law&amp;#39;s Appeal, if it were more widely known, would, in the twentieth century, win the response for which it has long been waiting. &lt;p&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt; See vol. VIII, chap. x&lt;p&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt; 2 For an interesting detailed account of this phase &lt;br&gt;of religious life, with full references to original documents, see &lt;br&gt;Studies in Mystical Religion, 1909, by Jones, K. M., chaps. XVI and XVII.&lt;p&gt;3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3anc&amp;gt; See, for instance, Pagitt&amp;#39;s /Heresiography/, 1645, &lt;br&gt;dedication to the lord mayor ; or Edwards, who, in his /Gangraena/, &lt;br&gt;1646, names 176, and, later, 23 more, &amp;#39; /errors, heresies, blasphemies/.&amp;#39;&lt;p&gt;4 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4anc&amp;gt; /Areopagitica, 1644/&lt;p&gt;5 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5anc&amp;gt; 3 13,562 Friends suffered imprisonment during the &lt;br&gt;years 1661 — 97, while 198 were transported overseas and 338 died in &lt;br&gt;prison or of their wounds. See Inner Life of the Religious Societies of &lt;br&gt;the Commonwealth, by Barclay, pp. 474 — 8.&lt;p&gt;6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6anc&amp;gt; For further observations on early quakerism in its &lt;br&gt;connection with literature, see vol. VIII, chap. IV.&lt;p&gt;7 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote7anc&amp;gt;Charles I, who, shortly before his death, read &lt;br&gt;Boehme&amp;#39;s Forty Questions, just then translated into English, much &lt;br&gt;admired it. See a most interesting MS letter in Latin from Francis Lee &lt;br&gt;to P. Poiret in Dr Williams&amp;#39;s library, C 5 . 30.&lt;p&gt;8 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8anc&amp;gt; Jacob Behmont&amp;#39;s Books were the chief books that the &lt;br&gt;Quakers bought, for there is the Principle or Foundation of their &lt;br&gt;Religion.&amp;#39; A Looking Glass for George Fox, 1667, p. 5. But Boehme was &lt;br&gt;not wholly approved of even among the early quakers ; see Liner Life of &lt;br&gt;the Religious Societies, p. 479. For the influence of Boehme on Fox and &lt;br&gt;Winstauley, see Studies in Mystical Religion, pp. 494—5; cf., also. &lt;br&gt;Fox&amp;#39;s Journal for 1648, 8th ed., vol. i, pp. 28 — 9, with Boehme&amp;#39;s Three &lt;br&gt;Principles, chap, xx, &amp;#167;&amp;#167; 39 — 42 ; also, life of J. B. in &amp;#39; Law&amp;#39;s &lt;br&gt;edition,&amp;#39; vol. i, p. xiii, or the Signatura Rerum.&lt;p&gt;9 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote9anc&amp;gt; See Way to Divine Knowledge, Law&amp;#39;s Works, vol. vii, &lt;br&gt;pp. 84, 85 ; Byrom&amp;#39;s Journal vol. I, part 2, pp. 560, 598 ; vol. II, &lt;br&gt;part 2, pp. 193, 216, 236, 285, 310—11, 328, 377, 380.&lt;p&gt;10 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote10anc&amp;gt; See Eichard Baxter&amp;#39;s Autobiography, Reliquiae &lt;br&gt;Baxterianae, 1696, part I p. 77.&lt;p&gt;11 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote11anc&amp;gt; &amp;quot;He Anthroposophus and Floud,&lt;p&gt;And Jacob Behmen understood.&amp;quot; &lt;p&gt;Hudibras, i, canto 1, cf. A Tale of a Tub, sect, v, and Martinus &lt;br&gt;Scriblerus, end of chap. I.&lt;p&gt;12 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote12anc&amp;gt; See Aubrey&amp;#39;s Lives.&lt;p&gt;13 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote13anc&amp;gt; Gibbon&amp;#39;s Memoirs, ed. Hill, G. B., 1900, p. 24.&lt;p&gt;14 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote14anc&amp;gt; 1 See Walton&amp;#39;s Notes, p. 499. The duty on which &lt;br&gt;Law most insisted was charity ; see his defence of indiscriminate &lt;br&gt;giving, in A Serious Call, Works, vol. iv, pp. 114 — 18.&lt;p&gt;15 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote15anc&amp;gt; For an excellent illustration of the principles &lt;br&gt;and arguments on both sides, compare Law&amp;#39;s letter from Cambridge, &lt;br&gt;written to his brother at the time, with that of his future friend Byrom &lt;br&gt;at the same date. Both are quoted by Overton, J. H., William Law, Non &lt;br&gt;juror and Mystic, 1881, pp. 13 — 16.&lt;p&gt;16 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote16anc&amp;gt; The Constitution of the Catholic Church, and the &lt;br&gt;Nature and Consequences of Schism. 1716.&lt;p&gt;17 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote17anc&amp;gt; 2 In the course of July 1717, 74 pamphlets &lt;br&gt;appeared on the subject, and, at one crisis, for a day or two, the &lt;br&gt;business of the city was at a standstill, little was done on the &lt;br&gt;Exchange and many shops were shut. See Hoadly&amp;#39;s Works, vol. ii, pp. 385, &lt;br&gt;429 ; also Sir Leslie Stephen&amp;#39;s English Thought in the 18th Century, &lt;br&gt;vol. ii, p. 156.&lt;p&gt;18 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote18anc&amp;gt; 3 See Hoadly&amp;#39;s Works, vol. ii, pp. 694 — 5, where &lt;br&gt;he gives his reasons for not answering Law.&lt;p&gt;19 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote19anc&amp;gt; 4 For some of the side issues which were &lt;br&gt;vehemently discussed by other writers, Bee Leslie Stephen, vol. ii, p. 157.&lt;p&gt;20 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote20anc&amp;gt; 5 Works, vol. I, Letter 1, pp. 6, 7.&lt;p&gt;21 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote21anc&amp;gt; 6 Ibid. pp. 14, 15.&lt;p&gt;22 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote22anc&amp;gt; 1 So defined by Hoadly in his sermon /The Nature &lt;br&gt;of the Kingdom or Church of Christ/, p. 7.&lt;p&gt;23 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote23anc&amp;gt; 2 The Grumbling Hive, first printed 1705, republished with explanatory notes under the title The Fable of the Bees, 1714.&lt;p&gt;24 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote24anc&amp;gt; Christianity as Old as the Creation, p. 20.&lt;p&gt;25 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote25anc&amp;gt; 4 The Case of Reason, Works, vol. ii, p. 9.&lt;p&gt;26 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote26anc&amp;gt; 5 Ibid, p, 7.&lt;p&gt;27 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote27anc&amp;gt; 1 The Case of Reason, p. 3&lt;p&gt;28 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote28anc&amp;gt; 2 Ibid. p. 37&lt;p&gt;29 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote29anc&amp;gt; 3 Ibid. p. 39.&lt;p&gt;30 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote30anc&amp;gt; 4 Ibid. pp. 16, 17.&lt;p&gt;31 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote31anc&amp;gt; 1 Sermon CVII, Wesley&amp;#39;s Works, 11th ed., 1856, &lt;br&gt;vol. VII, p. 194&lt;p&gt;32 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote32anc&amp;gt; 2 Letter to Law of 1738, quoted by Overton, p. 33.&lt;p&gt;33 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote33anc&amp;gt; 3 Boswell&amp;#39;s Life of Johnson, ed. Hill, G. &lt;br&gt;Birkbeck, 1887, vol. i, p. 68, also vol. ii, p. 122&lt;p&gt;34 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote34anc&amp;gt; 4 Gibbon&amp;#39;s Memoirs, ed. Hill, G. B., 1900, p. 23.&lt;p&gt;35 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote35anc&amp;gt; 5 Byrom&amp;#39;s Journal, vol. ii, part 2, p. 634.&lt;p&gt;36 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote36anc&amp;gt; 6 See Some Animadversions upon Dr Trapp&amp;#39;s late &lt;br&gt;Reply, Works, vol. vi, p. 319.&lt;p&gt;37 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote37anc&amp;gt; 1 See /Recherche de la V&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;/, specially livre iii, chap, vi, /Que nous voyons toutes choses en Dieu./ &lt;p&gt;38 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote38anc&amp;gt; 2 See /The Spirit of Love, Works/, vol. viii, pp. &lt;br&gt;31 and 33.&lt;p&gt;39 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote39anc&amp;gt; 1 &amp;#39;Without contraries is no progression,&amp;#39; as Blake &lt;br&gt;/puts it in his development of the same thesis in The Marriage of Heaven &lt;br&gt;and Hell/.&lt;p&gt;40 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote40anc&amp;gt; 1 Boehme refers to these seven forces in all his &lt;br&gt;writings, but see his Threefold Life of Man, chap, i, &amp;#167;&amp;#167; 23—32 ; chap, &lt;br&gt;ii, &amp;#167;&amp;#167; 27—36, 73 ; chap, ni, &amp;#167; 1 ; chap, iv, &amp;#167;&amp;#167; 5, 12 ; or Signatura &lt;br&gt;Rerum, chap, xiv, &amp;#167;&amp;#167; 10 — 15.&lt;p&gt;41 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote41anc&amp;gt; 1 Mysterium Magnum, part i, chap, VIII.&lt;p&gt;42 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote42anc&amp;gt; 1 Cf. St Augustine, &amp;#39; /To will God entirely is to &lt;br&gt;have Him/,&amp;#39; /The City of God/, book xi, chap. IV ; or Ruysbroek&amp;#39;s answer &lt;br&gt;to the priests from Paris who came to consult him on the state of their &lt;br&gt;souls : &amp;#39;/You are as you desire to b/e.&amp;#39;&lt;p&gt;43 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote43anc&amp;gt; 2 &amp;#39; /Hunger is all/, and in all worlds everything &lt;br&gt;lives in it, and by it.&amp;#39; See Law&amp;#39;s letter to Langcake, 7 September 1751, &lt;br&gt;printed in Walton&amp;#39;s Notes and Materials, p. 541.&lt;p&gt;44 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote44anc&amp;gt; 3 See Law&amp;#39;s letter to W. Walker, Byrom&amp;#39;s Journal, &lt;br&gt;vol. i, part 2, p. 559.&lt;p&gt;45 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote45anc&amp;gt; 1 /An Appeal to all that doubt or disbelieve the &lt;br&gt;Truths of the Gospel, Works/, vol. vi, pp. 27—8.&lt;p&gt;46 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote46anc&amp;gt; 2 /The Spirit of Prayer, Works/, vol. vii, p. 24.&lt;p&gt;47 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote47anc&amp;gt; 3 Ibid. p. 23.&lt;p&gt;48 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote48anc&amp;gt; 4 Ibid. p. 20.&lt;p&gt;49 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote49anc&amp;gt; 5 /The Way to Divine Knowledge, Works,/ vol. vii, &lt;br&gt;pp. 138 — 9.&lt;p&gt;50 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote50anc&amp;gt; 1 See /The Spirit of Prayer, Works/, vol. vii, pp. 150 — 1.&lt;p&gt;51 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote51anc&amp;gt; 2 /An Appeal, Works/, vol. vi, p. 169.&lt;p&gt;52 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote52anc&amp;gt; 3 Ibid. pp. 19—20.&lt;p&gt;53 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote53anc&amp;gt; 4 Ibid. pp. 69, 80&lt;p&gt;54 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote54anc&amp;gt; 5 /The Spirit of Prayer, Works/, vol. vii, pp. 23, 27.&lt;p&gt;55 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote55anc&amp;gt; 6 /The Way to Divine Knowledge, Works/, vol. vii, &lt;br&gt;p. 60.&lt;p&gt;56 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote56anc&amp;gt; 7 /The Spirit of Prayer, Work/s, vol. vii, p. 68. &lt;br&gt;See, also, ibid. pp. 91 — 2.&lt;p&gt;57 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote57anc&amp;gt; 8 See /The Way to Divine Knowledge/, Works, vol. &lt;br&gt;vii, pp. 118 — 28.&lt;p&gt;58 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote58anc&amp;gt; 1 See /The Way to Divine Knowledge, Works/, vol. &lt;br&gt;vii, pp. 50—1.&lt;p&gt;59 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote59anc&amp;gt; 2 Ibid. p. 127.&lt;p&gt;60 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote60anc&amp;gt; 3 Ibid, p. 93.&lt;p&gt;61 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote61anc&amp;gt; 3 See Bigg, Charles, in his introduction to /A &lt;br&gt;Serious Call/, pp. xxv and xxviii; also, for a view of Law&amp;#39;s later &lt;br&gt;thought, Stephen, Leslie, /English Thought in the 18th Century, /vol. &lt;br&gt;II, pp. 405 — 9&lt;p&gt;62 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote62anc&amp;gt; 1 Cf. The Pond, in The Poems of John Byrom &lt;br&gt;(Chetham Society, 1894), part i, pp. 196—202.&lt;p&gt;63 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote63anc&amp;gt; 1 See Bigg&amp;#39;s introduction to A Serious Call, 1899, &lt;br&gt;p. xxix.&lt;p&gt;64 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote64anc&amp;gt; 2 See Overton, chap, xxi, Law&amp;#39;s opponents.&lt;p&gt;65 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote65anc&amp;gt; 3 Works, vol. IX, Letter ix, p. 123.&lt;p&gt;66 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote66anc&amp;gt; 1 For a full account of the relations of Wesley &lt;br&gt;and Law, and the text of their two famous letters, see Overton, pp. 80 — &lt;br&gt;92, and see, also, the account in Byrom&amp;#39;s Journal, vol. II, part 1, pp. &lt;br&gt;268—70.&lt;p&gt;67 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote67anc&amp;gt; 2 See Byrom&amp;#39;s Journal, vol. ii, part 1, p. 181, &lt;br&gt;and for later methodist views, The Life of the Rev. Charles Wesley, by &lt;br&gt;Thomas Jackson, 1841, vol. i, pp. 52, 53, 112, 113.&lt;p&gt;68 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote68anc&amp;gt; 1 &amp;#39; how much better he from whom I draw&lt;p&gt;Though deep yet clear his system — &amp;quot;Master Law.&amp;quot; &lt;p&gt;/Master/ I call him...&amp;#39; (/Epistle to a Gentleman of the Temple/.)&lt;p&gt;69 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote69anc&amp;gt; 2 See, for an example of their conversations, &lt;br&gt;which, in the variety of its topics, and distinctive character of its &lt;br&gt;sentiments, throws much light on Law&amp;#39;s thoughts and ideals, that of &lt;br&gt;Saturday, 7 June 1735.&lt;p&gt;70 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote70anc&amp;gt; 3 Especially in his song &amp;#39;Why prithee now&amp;#39; (Poems, &lt;br&gt;i, 115), or his early pastoral, &amp;#39; My Time, ye Muses.&amp;#39;&lt;p&gt;71 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote71anc&amp;gt; 4 As in the famous lines upon Handel and &lt;br&gt;Bononcini, often attributed to Swift (Poems, I, 35), and the Pretender &lt;br&gt;toast (Poems, i, 572).&lt;p&gt;72 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote72anc&amp;gt; 5 Henry More, /Enthusiasmus Triumphatus/, 1662, &amp;#167; 2.&lt;p&gt;73 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote73anc&amp;gt; 6 Bishop Butler, when talking once to Wesley, &lt;br&gt;exclaimed, &amp;#39; Sir, the pretending to extraordinary revelation or gifts of &lt;br&gt;the Holy Ghost is a horrid thing, a very horrid thing.&amp;#39; For an admirable &lt;br&gt;account of &amp;#39; Enthusiasm,&amp;#39; see The English Church in the 18th Century, by &lt;br&gt;Abbey and Overton, vol. i, chap, ix ; also a note by Ward, A. W., in &lt;br&gt;Byrom&amp;#39;s Poems, vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 169—79; and a note by Hill, G. &lt;br&gt;Birkbeck, in Gibbon&amp;#39;s Memoirs, 1900, p. 22.&lt;p&gt;74 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote74anc&amp;gt; 1 Byrom&amp;#39;s /Poems/, II, 1, pp. 190 — 1.&lt;p&gt;75 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote75anc&amp;gt; 2 &amp;#39; Since different ways of telling may excite&lt;p&gt;In different minds Attention to what&amp;#39;s right, &lt;br&gt;And men (I measure by myself) sometimes, &lt;p&gt;Averse to Reas&amp;#39;ning, may be taught by Rimes.&amp;#39; /Poems/, ii, 1, 164.&lt;p&gt;76 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote76anc&amp;gt; 3 Wesley&amp;#39;s Journal, Monday, 12 July 1773.&lt;p&gt;77 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote77anc&amp;gt; 4 The uncle of the Henry Brooke of Dublin, who &lt;br&gt;knew Law and greatly admired him.&lt;p&gt;78 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote78anc&amp;gt; 5 Brooke also wrote a large number of plays and &lt;br&gt;poems, two of the latter being full of mystical thought. /Universal &lt;br&gt;Beauty/ (1735 — (i) and /Redemption/ (1772). As to Brooke&amp;#39;s novels of. &lt;br&gt;vol. x, chapter III, post.&lt;p&gt;79 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote79anc&amp;gt; 6 See /The Fool of Quality/, ed. Baker, E. A., 1906, pp. 30, 31, 33, 39, 133—6, 142, 258—60, 328—30, 336, 367—9, 394.&lt;p&gt;80 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote80anc&amp;gt; 1 Wesley&amp;#39;s alterations in wording are most &lt;br&gt;instructive and interesting, for he has not hesitated to alter as well &lt;br&gt;as to omit passages. Cf. Clinton&amp;#39;s account of the nature of man and God &lt;br&gt;in Wesley, ed. of 1781, vol. ii, pp. 286 — 7, with Brooke, 1 vol. ed. &lt;br&gt;1906, p. 367.&lt;p&gt;81 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote81anc&amp;gt; 2 As, for instance, Francis Okely, or, later, J. &lt;br&gt;P. Greaves and Christopher Walton. There remains, however, to be traced &lt;br&gt;an influence which bore fruit in the nineteenth century. Thomas Erskine &lt;br&gt;of Linlathen was indebted to both Law and Boehme, and he, in his turn, &lt;br&gt;influenced F. D. Maurice and others.&lt;p&gt;82 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote82anc&amp;gt; 3 Coleridge also knew both Law and Boehme at first &lt;br&gt;hand ; for his appreciation of them see Biographia Literaria, chap, ix. &lt;br&gt;Aids to Reflexion, conclusion, and notes to Southey&amp;#39;s Life of Wesley, &lt;br&gt;3rd ed., 1846, vol. i, p. 476. For his projected work on Boehme, and in &lt;br&gt;connection with his philosophy, see letter to Lady Beaumont, 1810, in &lt;br&gt;Memorials of Coleorton, ed. Knight, W., 1887, vol. ii, pp. 105—7.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-5451609868361625125?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5451609868361625125'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5451609868361625125'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/william-law-and-mystics.html' title='WILLIAM LAW AND THE MYSTICS'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-3053918942870133121</id><published>2009-11-14T08:02:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-14T08:13:38.388-08:00</updated><title type='text'>martinistes Saint-Martin pascalis martinez Russie</title><content type='html'>point de vue d&amp;#39;un catholique :&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;C&amp;#39;est encore en France que se d&amp;#233;velopp&amp;#232;rent les Martinistes. Mais quel &lt;br&gt;est le fondateur de cette secte? car on peut choisir entre Saint-Martin &lt;br&gt;et Martinez, par lequel il fut initi&amp;#233; aux myst&amp;#232;res th&amp;#233;urgiques11. &lt;br&gt;Martinez Pascalis, dont on ignore la patrie, que cependant on pr&amp;#233;sume &lt;br&gt;&amp;#234;tre Portugais, et qui est mort &amp;#224; Saint Domingue en 17992, trouvait dans &lt;br&gt;la cabale juda&amp;#239;que la science qui nous r&amp;#233;v&amp;#232;le tout ce qui concerne Dieu &lt;br&gt;et les intelligences cr&amp;#233;&amp;#233;es par lui3 2: Martinez admettait la chute des &lt;br&gt;anges, le p&amp;#233;ch&amp;#233; originel, le Verbe r&amp;#233;parateur, la divinit&amp;#233; des saintes &lt;br&gt;Ecritures. Quand Dieu cr&amp;#233;a l&amp;#39;homme, il lui donna un corps mat&amp;#233;riel : &lt;br&gt;auparavajit ( quoi ! avant d&amp;#39;exister ! ), il avait un corps &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;mentaire &lt;br&gt;Le monde aussi &amp;#233;tait dans l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tat d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ment : Dieu coordonna l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tat de &lt;br&gt;toutes les cr&amp;#233;atures physiques &amp;#224; celui de l&amp;#39;homme.&lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin, n&amp;#233; &amp;#224; Amboise en iy43, fit ses &amp;#233;tudes &amp;#224; Pont-le-Voy, fut &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;abord avocat, puis officier au r&amp;#233;giment de Foix. Etant &amp;#224; Bordeaux, il &lt;br&gt;eut occasion de conna&amp;#238;tre Martinez Pascalis, qu&amp;#39;il cite pour son premier &lt;br&gt;instituteur. Son go&amp;#251;t ne s&amp;#39;accordant pas avec le tumulte des armes, il &lt;br&gt;obtint sa retraite, voyagea en Italie et en Angleterre, passa trois mois &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; Lyon, puis vint se fixer &amp;#224; Paris o&amp;#249; il demeura jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; la r&amp;#233;volution, &lt;br&gt;et mourut &amp;#224; Aulnay pr&amp;#232;s Paris, en 18044.&lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin prend le titre de philosophe inconnu, en t&amp;#234;te de plusieurs &lt;br&gt;de ses ouvrages. Le premier, qui parut en 1775, avait pour titre : Des &lt;br&gt;Erreurs et de la V&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;, ou les hommes rappel&amp;#233;s aux vrais principes de &lt;br&gt;la science5 3. &amp;#171; C&amp;#39;est &amp;#224; Lyon, dit-il, que je l&amp;#39;ai &amp;#233;crit par &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;sœuvrement et par col&amp;#232;re contre les philosophes ; j&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tais indign&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;lire, dans Boulanger, que les religions n&amp;#39;avaient pris naissance que &lt;br&gt;dans la frayeur occasionn&amp;#233;e par les catastrophes de la nature. C&amp;#39;est &lt;br&gt;pour avoir oubli&amp;#233; les principes dont je traite, que toutes les erreurs &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;vorent la terre, et que les &amp;#171;hommes ont embrass&amp;#233; une vari&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;universelle de dogmes et de syst&amp;#232;mes. Cependant, quoique la lumi&amp;#232;re soit &lt;br&gt;faite pour tous les yeux, il est encore plus certain que tous les yeux &lt;br&gt;ne sont pas faits pour la voir dans son &amp;#233;clat; et le petit nombre de &lt;br&gt;ceux qui sont d&amp;#233;positaires des v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;s que j&amp;#39;annonce est vou&amp;#233; &amp;#224; la &lt;br&gt;prudence et &amp;#224; la discr&amp;#233;tion par les engagements les plus formels. Aussi &lt;br&gt;me suis-je promis d&amp;#39;en user avec beaucoup de r&amp;#233;serve dans cet &amp;#233;crit, et &lt;br&gt;de m&amp;#39;y envelopper d&amp;#39;un voile que les yeux, les moins ordinaires ne &lt;br&gt;pourront pas toujours percer, d&amp;#39;autant que j&amp;#39;y parle quelquefois de &lt;br&gt;toute autre chose que de ce dont je parais traiter. &amp;#187; II s&amp;#39;est m&amp;#233;nag&amp;#233;, &lt;br&gt;comme on le voit, le moyen d&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre inintelligible; et il s&amp;#39;est si bien &lt;br&gt;enveloppe, que ce qu&amp;#39;il y a da plus clair dans le livre, c&amp;#39;est le titre.&lt;br&gt;Il fit ensuite para&amp;#238;tre son Tableau de l&amp;#39;ordre naturel, [Homme de d&amp;#233;sir, &lt;br&gt;Lettre sur la r&amp;#233;volution fran&amp;#231;aise, un opuscule sur les Institutions &lt;br&gt;propres &amp;#224; fonder la morale d&amp;#39;un peuple, un Essai sur les signes. &lt;br&gt;Lui-m&amp;#234;me nous apprend qu&amp;#39;il a fait Ecce homo, d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s une notion vive &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;il avait eue &amp;#224; Strasbourg. C&amp;#39;est dans cette ville qu&amp;#39;il a &amp;#233;crit le &lt;br&gt;Nouvel homme, &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;instigation d&amp;#39;un neveu de Swedenborg.&lt;br&gt;Le tome 2 de l&amp;#39;ouvrage intitul&amp;#233; : De l&amp;#39;esprit des choses6 1, offre clos &lt;br&gt;morceaux int&amp;#233;ressants, par lesquels il justifie divers faits consign&amp;#233;s &lt;br&gt;dans l&amp;#39;Ecriture sainte et sur lesquels les incr&amp;#233;dules avaient form&amp;#233; des &lt;br&gt;objections ; par exemple, le mat&amp;#233;rialisme dont ils ont accus&amp;#233; Mo&amp;#239;se. &lt;br&gt;Mais &amp;#224; quelques vues saines s&amp;#39;intercalent une foule de choses &lt;br&gt;inintelligibles, au milieu desquelles la raison s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;gare.&lt;br&gt;Le Minist&amp;#232;re de l&amp;#39;homme esprit, par le philosophe inconnu, parut en &lt;br&gt;180272. Dans un parall&amp;#232;le entre le christianisme et le catholicisme, &lt;br&gt;comme si ces deux choses n&amp;#39;&amp;#233;taient pas identiques, il s&amp;#39;est donn&amp;#233; libre &lt;br&gt;carri&amp;#232;re &amp;#224; d&amp;#233;naturer et calomnier le catholicisme, &amp;#171; qui n&amp;#39;est, dit-il, &lt;br&gt;que le s&amp;#233;minaire, la voie d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;preuves et de travail, la r&amp;#233;gion des &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#232;gles, la discipline du n&amp;#233;ophyte pour arriver au christianisme. — Le &lt;br&gt;christianisme repose imm&amp;#233;diatement sur la parole non &amp;#233;crite, il porte &lt;br&gt;notre foi jusque dans la religion lumineuse de la parole divine : le &lt;br&gt;catholicisme repose, en g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral, sur la parole &amp;#233;crite ou sur l&amp;#39;Evangile, &lt;br&gt;et particuli&amp;#232;rement sur la messe ; il borne la foi aux limites de la &lt;br&gt;parole &amp;#233;crite ou de la tradition. — Le christianisme est le terme, le &lt;br&gt;catholicisme n&amp;#39;est que le moyen ; le christianisme est le fruit de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;arbre, le catholicisme ne peut en &amp;#234;tre que l&amp;#39;engrais ; le &lt;br&gt;christianisme n&amp;#39;a suscit&amp;#233; la guerre que contre le p&amp;#233;ch&amp;#233;, le catholicisme &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;a suscit&amp;#233;e contre les hommes8 1. &amp;#187; L&amp;#39;auteur &amp;#233;taye sans doute de &lt;br&gt;quelques preuves ses assertions ? Non ; assurer d&amp;#39;un air tranchant, cela &lt;br&gt;lui suffit.&lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin a publi&amp;#233; aussi un Eclair sur l&amp;#39;association humaine9 2. Le &lt;br&gt;philosophe inconnu, qui ne se croyait pas digne de d&amp;#233;nouer les cordons &lt;br&gt;de Boehm10 3, s&amp;#39;est cru digne au moins de traduire divers &amp;#233;crits de ce &lt;br&gt;visionnaire : les Trois principes de l&amp;#39;essence divine, la Triple vie, &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;Aurore naissante. &amp;#171; On a voulu tout mat&amp;#233;rialiser, dit le traducteur; &lt;br&gt;mais l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;poque approche o&amp;#249; les sciences divines seront r&amp;#233;concili&amp;#233;es11 &lt;br&gt;avec les sciences naturelles : &amp;#224; force de scruter celles-ci, et de &lt;br&gt;tourmenter les &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ments, on remontera &amp;#224; la source. L&amp;#39;aurore naissante &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;est que le premier bourgeon de &amp;#187; la branche12 4. &amp;#187;&lt;br&gt;On sera surpris peut-&amp;#234;tre de ne pas trouver ici un pr&amp;#233;cis raisonn&amp;#233; des &lt;br&gt;id&amp;#233;es de S. Martin, un corps de doctrine ; mais &amp;#224; qui la faute? Ses &lt;br&gt;disciples contestent la facult&amp;#233; de l&amp;#39;appr&amp;#233;cier &amp;#224; quiconque n&amp;#39;est pas &lt;br&gt;initi&amp;#233; dans son syst&amp;#232;me : tel ne l&amp;#39;est qu&amp;#39;au premier degr&amp;#233;; tel autre au &lt;br&gt;second, au troisi&amp;#232;me. A merveille ! Mais, si le syst&amp;#232;me de Votre ma&amp;#238;tre &lt;br&gt;est, comme vous le pr&amp;#233;tendez, si int&amp;#233;ressant, si avantageux pour &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;, pourquoi ne pas le mettre &amp;#224; la port&amp;#233;e de tout le monde? De &lt;br&gt;cette r&amp;#233;gion &amp;#233;lev&amp;#233;e o&amp;#249; vous le dites plac&amp;#233;, ne pourrait-il s&amp;#39;abaisser &lt;br&gt;jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; l&amp;#39;intelligence du vulgaire? — Non, r&amp;#233;pondez-vous: c&amp;#39;est chose &lt;br&gt;impossible. — Alors, permettez-nous d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;lever des doutes sur l&amp;#39;importance &lt;br&gt;et l&amp;#39;avantage de son syst&amp;#232;me ; car en fait de religion et morale, il est &lt;br&gt;dans la bont&amp;#233; de Dieu, et dans l&amp;#39;ordre essentiel des choses, que ce qui &lt;br&gt;est utile &amp;#224; tous, soit accessible &amp;#224; tous. Au surplus, Saint-Martin nous &lt;br&gt;dit : &amp;#171; II n&amp;#39;y a que le d&amp;#233;veloppement radical de notre essence intime &lt;br&gt;qui puisse nous conduire au spiritalisme actif13 5. &amp;#187; Et si ce &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;veloppement radical ne s&amp;#39;est pas encore op&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; chez bien des gens, il &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;est pas surprenant qu&amp;#39;ils soient encore &amp;#224; grande distance du &lt;br&gt;spiritalisme actif, et que, n&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tant que des hommes du torrent, ils ne &lt;br&gt;puissent comprendre l&amp;#39;Homme de d&amp;#233;sir.&lt;br&gt;La conformit&amp;#233; des dogmes des Martinistes fran&amp;#231;ais avec ceux d&amp;#39;une secte &lt;br&gt;qui naquit dans l&amp;#39;universit&amp;#233; de Moscou vers la fin du r&amp;#232;gne de Catherine &lt;br&gt;II, et qui eut pour chef le professeur Schwarts, a fait donner le nom de &lt;br&gt;Martinistes aux membres de cette secte. Ils &amp;#233;taient nombreux &amp;#224; la fin du &lt;br&gt;XVIIIe si&amp;#232;cle14 1.Mais ayant traduit en russe quelques-uns de leurs &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;crits, et cherch&amp;#233; &amp;#224; r&amp;#233;pandre leur doctrine, plusieurs furent &lt;br&gt;emprisonn&amp;#233;s, puis &amp;#233;largis quand Paul monta sur le tr&amp;#244;ne. Actuellement, &lt;br&gt;ils sont r&amp;#233;duits &amp;#224; un petit nombre. Ils admirent Swedenborg, Boehm, &lt;br&gt;Ekartshausen, et d&amp;#39;autres &amp;#233;crivains mystiques. Ils recueillent les &lt;br&gt;livres magiques et cabalistiques, les peintures hi&amp;#233;roglyphiques, &lt;br&gt;embl&amp;#232;mes des vertus et des vices, et tout ce qui tient aux sciences &lt;br&gt;occultes. Ils professent un grand respect pour la parole divine, qui &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;v&amp;#232;le non-seulement l&amp;#39;histoire de la chute et de la d&amp;#233;livrance de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;homme, mais qui, selon eux, contient encore les secrets de la nature; &lt;br&gt;aussi cherchent-ils partout dans la Bible des sens mystiques. Tel est &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;peu pr&amp;#232;s le r&amp;#233;cit que faisait Pinkerton de cette secte en 1817 152.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-3053918942870133121?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3053918942870133121'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3053918942870133121'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/martinistes-saint-martin-pascalis.html' title='martinistes Saint-Martin pascalis martinez Russie'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-5336600750970119164</id><published>2009-11-14T06:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-14T06:44:26.345-08:00</updated><title type='text'>rites  masonic martinism cohen &amp; more</title><content type='html'>*	Rite* The Latin word ritus, whence we get the English rite, signifies an approved usage or custom, or an external observance. Vossius derives it by metathesis from the  Greek ***, whence literally it signifies a trodden path, and, metaphorically, a long-followed custom. As a Masonic term its application is therefore apparent. It signifies a method of conferring Masonic light by a collection and distribution of degrees. It is. in other words, the method and order observed in the government of a Masonic system. &lt;p&gt;	The original system of Speculative Masonry consisted of only the three Symbolic degrees, called, therefore, Ancient Craft Masonry. Such was the condition of Free-masonry at the time of what is called the revival m 1717. Hence, this was the original Rite or approved usage, and so it continued in England until the year 1813, when at the union of the two Grand Lodges the &amp;quot;Holy Royal Arch&amp;#39;&amp;#39; was declared to be a part of the system; and thus the English Rite was made legitimately to consist of four degrees. &lt;p&gt;	But on the Continent of Europe, the organization of new systems began at a much earlier period, and by the invention of what are known as the high degrees a multitude of Rites was established. All of these agreed in one important essential. They were built upon the three Symbolic degrees, which, in every instance, constituted the fundamental basis upon which they were erected. They were intended as an expansion and development of the Masonic ideas contained in these degrees. The Apprentice. Fellow-Craft, and Master&amp;#39;s degrees were the porch through which every initiate was required to pass before he could gain entrance into the inner temple which had been erected by the founders of the Rite. They were the text, and the high degrees the commentary. &lt;p&gt;	Hence arises the law, that whatever may be the constitution and teachings of any Rite as to the higher degrees peculiar to it, the three symbolic degrees being common to all the Rites, a Master Mason, in any one of the Rites, may visit and labor in a Master&amp;#39;s Lodge of every other Rite. It is only after that degree is passed that the exclusiveness of each Rite begins to operate. &lt;p&gt;	There has been a multitude of these Rites. Some of them have lived only with their authors, and died when their parental energy in fostering them ceased to exert itself. Others have had a more permanent existence, and still continue to divide the Masonic family, furnishing, however, only diverse methods of attaining to the same great end, the acquisition of Divine Truth by Masonic light. Ragon, in his Tuileur G&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral supplies us with the names of a hundred and eight, under the different titles of Rites, Orders, and Academies. But many of these are unmasonics, being merely of a political, social, or literary character. The following catalogue embraces the most important of those which have hitherto or still continue to arrest the attention of the Masonic student. &lt;p&gt;1. York Rite. &lt;br&gt;2. Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. &lt;br&gt;3. French or Modem Rite. &lt;br&gt;4. American Rite. &lt;br&gt;5. Philosophic Scottish Rite. &lt;br&gt;6. Primitive Scottish Rite. &lt;br&gt;7. Reformed Rite. &lt;br&gt;8. Reformed Helvetic Rite. &lt;br&gt;9. Fessler&amp;#39;s Rite. &lt;br&gt;10. Schr&amp;#246;der&amp;#39;s Rite. &lt;br&gt;11. Rite of the Grand Lodge of the Three Globes. &lt;br&gt;12. Rite of the Elect of Truth. &lt;br&gt;13. Rite of the Vielle Bru. &lt;br&gt;14. Rite of the Chapter of Clermont. &lt;br&gt;15. Pemetty&amp;#39;s Rite. &lt;br&gt;16. Rite of the Blazing Star. &lt;br&gt;17. Chastanier&amp;#39;s Rite. &lt;br&gt;18. Rite of the Philalethes. &lt;br&gt;19. Primitive Rite of the Philadelphians. &lt;br&gt;20. Rite of Martinism. &lt;br&gt;21. Rite of Brother Henoch. &lt;br&gt;22. Rite of Misraim. &lt;br&gt;23. Rite of Memphis. &lt;br&gt;24. Rite of Strict Observance. &lt;br&gt;25. Rite of Lax Observance. &lt;br&gt;26. Rite of African Architects. &lt;br&gt;27. Rite of Brothers of Asia. &lt;br&gt;28. Rite of Perfection. &lt;br&gt;29. Rite of Elected Cohens. &lt;br&gt;30. Rite of the Emperors of the East and West. &lt;br&gt;31. Primitive Rite of Narbonne. &lt;br&gt;32. Rite of the Order of the Temple. &lt;br&gt;33. Swedish Rite. &lt;br&gt;34. Rite of Swedenborg. &lt;br&gt;35. Rite of Zinnendorf . &lt;br&gt;36. Egyptian Rite of Cagliostro. &lt;br&gt;37. Rite of the Beneficent Knights of the Holy City. &lt;br&gt;[627 vue 196]&lt;br&gt;	These Rites are not here given in the order of date or of importance. The distinct history of each will be found under its appropriate title. &lt;p&gt;	*Rite des Elus Coens, ou Pr&amp;#234;tres*. A system adopted in 1750, but which did not attain its full vigor until twenty-five years thereafter, when Lodges were opened in Paris, Marseille, Bordeaux, and Toulouse. The devotees of Martinez Pasqualis, the founder, were called Martinistes, and were partly Hermetic and partly Swedenborgian^1  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt; in their teachings. Martinez was a religious man, and based his teachings partly on the Jewish Kabbala and partly on Hermetic supernaturalism. The grades were as follows: 1. Apprenti; 2. Compagnon; 3. Ma&amp;#238;tre; 4. Grand Elu; 5. Apprenti Coen; 6. Compagnon Coen; 7. Ma&amp;#238;tre Coen; 8. Grand Architecte; 9. Grand Commandeur. &lt;p&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt; Il est possible d&amp;#39;attribuer cette erreur &amp;#224; une &lt;br&gt;lecture papusienne d&amp;#39;informations.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-5336600750970119164?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5336600750970119164'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5336600750970119164'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/rites-masonic-martinism-cohen-more.html' title='rites  masonic martinism cohen &amp; more'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-515332912285055902</id><published>2009-11-13T11:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-13T11:01:23.854-08:00</updated><title type='text'>paschalis martinez martinès de pasqually élu cohen saint-martin quelques erreurs de mackey</title><content type='html'>Paschalis Martinez. The founder of a new Rite or modification of Masonry, called by him the Rite of elected Cohens or Priests. It was divided into two classes, in the first of which was represented the fall of man from virtue and happiness, and in the second, his final restoration. It consisted of nine degrees, namely: &lt;br&gt;1. Apprentice; 2. Fellow-Craft; 3. Master; 4 Grand Elect: 5. Apprentice Cohen; 6. Fellow-Craft Cohen; 7. Master Cohen; 8. Grand Architect; 9. Knight Commander.&lt;br&gt; Paschalis first introduced this Rite into some of the Lodges of Marseille, Toulouse, and Bordeaux, and afterward, in 1767, he extended it to Paris, where, for a short time, it was rather popular, ranking some of the Parisian literati among its disciples. It has now ceased to exist. &lt;p&gt;	Paschalis was a German^1  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt;, born about the year 1700, of poor but respectable parentage. At the age of sixteen he acquired a knowledge of Greek and Latin^2  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt;. He then traveled through Turkey Arabia, and Palestine, where he made himself acquainted with the Kabbalistic learning of the Jews. He subsequently repaired to Paris, where he established his Rite. &lt;p&gt;	Paschalis was the Master of St. Martin, who afterward reformed his Rite. After living for some years at Paris, he went to St. Domingo, where he died in 1779. Thory, in his histoire de la Fondation du Grand Orient de Francs (pp. 239-253), has given very full details of this Rite and of its receptions.&lt;p&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt; Quelle est la source de cette &amp;#171; erreur &amp;#187;, une de &lt;br&gt;plus sur l&amp;#39;ensemble des erreurs de l&amp;#39;article?&lt;p&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt;Martin&amp;#232;s was unable to any translation from latin to &lt;br&gt;french ! C&amp;#39;est &amp;#224; Paris avec l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; Fourni&amp;#233; qu&amp;#39;il semble avoir traduit de &lt;br&gt;latin &amp;#224; fran&amp;#231;ais des textes importants pour son rite!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-515332912285055902?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/515332912285055902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/515332912285055902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/paschalis-martinez-martines-de.html' title='paschalis martinez martinès de pasqually élu cohen saint-martin quelques erreurs de mackey'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-7233392428523406474</id><published>2009-11-13T09:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-13T10:17:25.347-08:00</updated><title type='text'>past master ancien vénérable maitre passé passé maître</title><content type='html'>Past. An epithet applied in Masonry to an officer who has held an office &lt;br&gt;for the prescribed period for which he was elected, and has then &lt;br&gt;retired. Thus, a Past Master is one who has presided for twelve months &lt;br&gt;over a Lodge, and the Past High Priest one who, for the same period, has &lt;br&gt;presided over a Chapter. The French use the word pass&amp;#233; in the same &lt;br&gt;sense, but they have also the word ancien, with a similar meaning. Thus, &lt;br&gt;while they would employ Ma&amp;#238;tre pass&amp;#233; to designate the degree of Past &lt;br&gt;Master, they would call the official Past Master, who had retired from &lt;br&gt;the chair at the expiration of his term of service, an Ancien V&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rable &lt;br&gt;or Ancien Ma&amp;#238;tre.&lt;p&gt;Past Master. An honorary degree conferred on the Master of a Lodge at &lt;br&gt;his installation into office. In this degree the necessary instructions &lt;br&gt;are conferred respecting the various ceremonies of the Order, such as &lt;br&gt;installations, processions, the laying of comer-stones, etc.&lt;p&gt;When a brother, who has never before presided, has been elected the &lt;br&gt;Master of a Lodge, an emergent Lodge of Past Masters, consisting of not &lt;br&gt;leas than three, is convened, and all but Past Masters retiring, the &lt;br&gt;degree is conferred upon the newly elected officer.&lt;p&gt;Some form of ceremony at the installation of a new Master seems to have &lt;br&gt;been adopted at an early period after the revival. In the &amp;#39;&amp;#39;manner of &lt;br&gt;constituting a new Lodge,&amp;quot; as practised by the Duke of Wharton, who was &lt;br&gt;Grand Master in 1723, the language used by the Grand Master when placing &lt;br&gt;the candidate in the chair is given, and he is said to use &amp;quot;some other &lt;br&gt;expressions that are proper and usual on that occasion, but not proper &lt;br&gt;to be written.&amp;quot; (Constitutions, 1738, p. 150.) Whence we conclude that &lt;br&gt;there was an esoteric ceremony. Often the rituals tell us that this &lt;br&gt;ceremony consisted only in the outgoing Master communicating certain &lt;br&gt;modes of recognition to his successor. And this actually, even at this &lt;br&gt;day, constitutes the essential ingredient of the Past Master&amp;#39;s Degree.&lt;p&gt;The degree is also conferred in Royal Arch Chapters, where it succeeds &lt;br&gt;the Mark Master&amp;#39;s Degree. The conferring of this degree, which has no &lt;br&gt;historical connection with the rest of the degrees, in a Chapter, arises &lt;br&gt;from the following circumstance: Originally, when Chapters of Royal Arch &lt;br&gt;Masonry were under the government of Lodges in which the degree was then &lt;br&gt;always conferred, it was a part of the regulations that no one could &lt;br&gt;receive the Royal Arch Degree unless he had previously  presided in the &lt;br&gt;Lodge as Master. When the Chapters became independent, the regulation &lt;br&gt;could not be abolished, for that would have been an innovation; the &lt;br&gt;difficulty has, therefore, been obviated, by making every candidate for &lt;br&gt;the degree of Royal Arch a Past Virtual Master before his exaltation.&lt;p&gt;[Under the English Constitution this practise was forbidden in 1826, but &lt;br&gt;seems to have lingered on in some parts until 1850.]&lt;p&gt;Some extraneous ceremonies, by no means to their inventor, were at an &lt;br&gt;early period introduced into America. In 1856, the General Grand &lt;br&gt;Chapter, by a unanimous vote, ordered these ceremonies to be &lt;br&gt;discontinued, and the simpler mode of investiture to be used; but the &lt;br&gt;order has only been partially obeyed, and many Chapters still continue &lt;br&gt;what one can scarcely help calling the indecorous form of initiation &lt;br&gt;into the degree.&lt;p&gt;For several years past the question has been agitated in some of the &lt;br&gt;Grand Lodges of the United States, whether this degree is within the &lt;br&gt;jurisdiction of Symbolic or of Royal Arch Masonry. The explanation of &lt;br&gt;its introduction into Chapters, just given, manifestly demonstrates that &lt;br&gt;the jurisdiction over it by Chapters is altogether an assumed one. The &lt;br&gt;Past Master of a Chapter is only a quasi Past Master; the true and &lt;br&gt;legitimate Past Master is the one who has presided over a Symbolic Lodge.&lt;p&gt;Past Masters are admitted to membership in many Grand Lodges, and by &lt;br&gt;some the inherent right has been claimed to sit in those bodies. But the &lt;br&gt;most eminent Masonic authorities have made a contrary decision, and the &lt;br&gt;general, and, indeed, almost universal opinion now is that Past Masters &lt;br&gt;obtain their seats in Grand Lodges by courtesy, and in consequence of &lt;br&gt;local regulations, and not by inherent right.&lt;p&gt;The jewel of a Past Master in the United States is a pair of compasses &lt;br&gt;extended to sixty degrees on the fourth part of a circle, with a sun in &lt;br&gt;the center. In England it was formerly the square on a quadrant, but is &lt;br&gt;at present the square with the forty-seventh problem of Euclid engraved &lt;br&gt;on a silver plate suspended within it.&lt;p&gt;The French have two titles to express this degree. They apply Maitre &lt;br&gt;pass&amp;#233; to the Past  Master of the English and American system, and they &lt;br&gt;call in their own system one who has formerly resided over a Lodge an &lt;br&gt;Ancien Ma&amp;#238;tre. The indiscriminate use of these titles sometimes leads to &lt;br&gt;confusion in the translation of their rituals and treatises.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-7233392428523406474?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7233392428523406474'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7233392428523406474'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/past-master-ancien-venerable-maitre.html' title='past master ancien vénérable maitre passé passé maître'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-7106996224740029924</id><published>2009-11-13T08:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-13T08:52:05.970-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Masonry, maçonnerie meaning of a word sens d'un mot</title><content type='html'>Masoney. Used in the Strassburg Constitutions, and other German works of the Middle Ages, as equivalent to the modem Masonry. &lt;br&gt;Kloss translates it by Masonhood, &lt;br&gt;Lessing derives it from masa, Anglo-Saxon, a table, and says it means a Society of the Table. &lt;br&gt;Nicolai deduces it from the Low Latin massonya, which means both a club and a key, and says it means an exclusive society or club, and so, he thinks, we get our word Masonry, &lt;br&gt;Krause traces it to mas, mass, food or a banquet. &lt;br&gt;It is a pity to attack these speculations, but we are inclined to look at Masonry as simply a corruption of the English Masonrie. &lt;br&gt;mackey encyclopaedia&lt;p&gt;ceci pos&amp;#233;, les d&amp;#233;lires ma&amp;#231;onniques sont amusants&lt;br&gt;ainsi, les ma&amp;#231;ons seraient les &amp;quot;enfants de la table ou l&amp;#39;on partage le pain et le vin&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;certains ma&amp;#231;ons se r&amp;#233;jouiront, d&amp;#39;autres vont en mourir d&amp;#39;envie&lt;p&gt;si ma&amp;#231;on et messe tournent autour de la table, du plateau, ou de l&amp;#39;autel...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-7106996224740029924?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7106996224740029924'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7106996224740029924'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/masonry-maconnerie-meaning-of-word-sens.html' title='Masonry, maçonnerie meaning of a word sens d&apos;un mot'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-6280558686214019356</id><published>2009-11-12T09:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-13T02:33:13.851-08:00</updated><title type='text'>empire 19e century famous men !</title><content type='html'>*THE NINETEENTH CENTURY *&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*THE EMPIRE*&lt;p&gt;THE liberator Napoleon soon proved a tyrant: literature and oratory &lt;br&gt;languished under the censorship and threats of imprisonment. The &lt;br&gt;discourses of politicians were no longer heard, and Napoleon alone was &lt;br&gt;free to harangue his troops and tell them how &amp;quot;forty centuries looked &lt;br&gt;down on them from the Pyramids,&amp;quot; or disguise in the language of &lt;br&gt;moderation and statesmanship the lawlessness of the usurper.&lt;p&gt;One group of men Napoleon could not crush: these were the philosophers, &lt;br&gt;the Ideologists, whom he scornfully called the *ideologues*. They were &lt;br&gt;no new invention, but the successors and disciples of Condillac, &lt;br&gt;Helv&amp;#233;tius, and the *philosophes*; and Condorcet, and Volney, whom we &lt;br&gt;have already studied, belong to the line of filiation. But under the new &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;gime, these &amp;quot;nebulous metaphysicians,&amp;quot; as Napoleon also called them, &lt;br&gt;still inspired by the principles of freedom which the Revolution had &lt;br&gt;failed to establish, represented the spirit of liberal opposition in &lt;br&gt;politics, literature, and philosophy, or the rights of reason &lt;br&gt;untrammelled by imperial discipline. Their influence, too, made itself &lt;br&gt;felt in many of the newly-established scientific schools and bodies: the &lt;br&gt;Normal, Central, and Polytechnic schools, the Institute. At the Normal &lt;br&gt;School, established under the Convention, the lecturers had included &lt;br&gt;Volney, no less than Saint-Pierre and La Harpe, and the mathematicians &lt;br&gt;Laplace, Lagrange, and Monge. The periodical of this school of thinkers &lt;br&gt;was the /D&amp;#233;cade philosophique/, and the social centre was the group of &lt;br&gt;Auteuil, gathered about the widow of Condorcet and her sister, the wife &lt;br&gt;of Cabanis. The school, it may be seen, stands for the anti-religious &lt;br&gt;attitude.&lt;p&gt;The chief Ideologists were Cabanis and Destutt de Tracy, Cabanis &lt;br&gt;(1757-1808) a doctor, the friend of Franklin, the author of the &lt;br&gt;/Rapports du physique et du moral/, far from being a &amp;#39;&amp;#39;nebulous &lt;br&gt;metaphysician,&amp;quot; swept away metaphysics, disclaimed any real knowledge of &lt;br&gt;first causes, and devoted himself to physiology and psychology. Studying &lt;br&gt;the relations between the body and &amp;quot;soul,&amp;quot; with emphasis on the former &lt;br&gt;as more accessible to direct experiment, he united them and made &lt;br&gt;physiology and psychology one. He described the relation, by what was &lt;br&gt;perhaps even to him only a figure of speech, in saying that &amp;quot;the brain &lt;br&gt;digests impressions and secretes thought,&amp;quot; and its function is to &lt;br&gt;produce images and group them, just as the stomach acts and reacts on &lt;br&gt;food for the production of tissues.&lt;p&gt;Destutt de Tracy (1781-1864), of Scotch origin and a collateral &lt;br&gt;descendant of the Jansenist Arnauld, had the hard-headed logical &lt;br&gt;aptitudes of both origins. His interest is in logic and the problems of &lt;br&gt;knowledge, in his /Elements d&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;ologie/, his Grammar, and his Logic, &lt;br&gt;but he still rested philosophy on physiology.&lt;p&gt;Cabanis and Destutt de Tracy are but the most prominent representatives &lt;br&gt;of a whole scientific school occupied with the various divisions of the &lt;br&gt;intellectual life, so that Daunou, Fauriel^1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt;^1 , &lt;br&gt;Ginguene, Raynouard in historical research, J.-B. Say in economics, &lt;br&gt;helped to introduce a better method into their fields of study. The &lt;br&gt;Ideologists are neglected today, but they belong to I the genealogy of &lt;br&gt;positive science. Cabanis was the creator of physiological psychology in &lt;br&gt;France, and he and De Tracy were the precursors, not merely of worn-out &lt;br&gt;creeds, such as the phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim, but of more vital &lt;br&gt;systems of evolution and of positivism.&lt;p&gt;The Ideologists did not represent the only philosophical [603] school of &lt;br&gt;their time. Without going so far as the mystic Saint-*Martin*, the &lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;philosophe inconnu&amp;quot; as he called himself, the translator of Jacob Bohme &lt;br&gt;and follower of Swedenborg, there were opposed to them those thinkers, &lt;br&gt;critics more than men of science, called the Traditionalists. They stood &lt;br&gt;for the reaction against the French Revolution and a return to the &lt;br&gt;spirit of Catholicism. Like those French thinkers who at the end of the &lt;br&gt;nineteenth century announced the bankruptcy of science, they proclaimed &lt;br&gt;at its beginning the failure of eighteenth-century philosophism, but &lt;br&gt;attacked it with its own tools of argumentation and reason. The chief of &lt;br&gt;these thinkers were the comte Joseph de Maistre and the vicomte de &lt;br&gt;Bonald, between whom there were great similarities, though their &lt;br&gt;conclusions were independently reached.&lt;p&gt;Joseph de Maistre (1754-1821), though a great name in French literature, &lt;br&gt;was not a Frenchman and came to Paris only once in his life for a brief &lt;br&gt;period. A native of Savoy and an official of the king of Sardinia, he &lt;br&gt;spent nearly fifteen years as minister of his sovereign in Russia. His &lt;br&gt;life was not a happy one: whether by his own fault or not, he was &lt;br&gt;constantly struggling against injustice and lack of appreciation on the &lt;br&gt;part of the king. He might seem to have about him something of the &amp;quot;man &lt;br&gt;with a grievance,&amp;quot; did not the brilliancy of his conversation and the &lt;br&gt;amenity of his correspondence testify to wit and graces. His &lt;br&gt;disappointments seem, however, to have soured his view of life, and his &lt;br&gt;theory is one of cruelty and inhumanity.&lt;p&gt;Maistre is the chief religious mediaevalist of modem times. To him, much &lt;br&gt;as in the old allegorical interpretations, the world is a gross &lt;br&gt;representation of the celestial reality. The spirit of modem times was &lt;br&gt;to him anathema, and men of science called forth his curses. His &lt;br&gt;treatise on Baconian philosophy is a mass of vituperation and abuse. An &lt;br&gt;intellectual descendant of the old Scholastic and rigidly argumentative &lt;br&gt;theologians, though his /Soir&amp;#233;es de Saint-P&amp;#233;tersbourg/ take the form of &lt;br&gt;fluid Platonic /entretiens/, he places religion above everything else. &lt;br&gt;God rules the world by the principle of authority, not regulating every &lt;br&gt;action, but leaving to men a certain freedom that sins may be the better &lt;br&gt;punished. For by chastisement men&amp;#39;s sins are atoned. The individual may &lt;br&gt;suffer unjustly, but he is a part of humanity undergoing retribution for &lt;br&gt;collective misdeeds. And so Maistre comes to justify warfare and the &lt;br&gt;executioner, as the agent of God, the judge, applying the lex talionis.&lt;p&gt;As God is the source of authority, on him depend the representatives of &lt;br&gt;sovereignty: the monarch in the temporal, the pope above the monarch in &lt;br&gt;the religious sphere. Maistre is the firm partisan of kingship against &lt;br&gt;any form of government which, like republicanism, implies a solution of &lt;br&gt;continuity; he is in his treatise /Du Pape/ the leader in doctrines of &lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;ultramontanism&amp;quot; and papal infallibility. Thus Maistre is the great &lt;br&gt;religious reactionary of modem times, and he did more than any one else &lt;br&gt;to create the state of mind which resulted in the proclamation of papal &lt;br&gt;infallibility in 1870. It is obvious how, at every step, Joseph de &lt;br&gt;Maistre is opposed to the spirit of the eighteenth century: to the &lt;br&gt;anti-religious Voltairianism, to Rousseau&amp;#39;s doctrines of the &lt;br&gt;independence of primitive man and the free contract. He is no less &lt;br&gt;hostile to what seemed to him to verge on heresy in the Catholic church, &lt;br&gt;Gallicanism (De l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise gallicane), or the even worse Jansenism.&lt;p&gt;The other important Traditionalist was Louis de Bonald (1754-1840), a &lt;br&gt;cut and dried logician, who undertook to prove everything by a sort of &lt;br&gt;rule of three in which the terms were *cause, means, and effect*. &lt;br&gt;Bonald^2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt; considers man as passive, a /tabula rasa/ &lt;br&gt;without innate ideas, just as the most pronounced Condillacian would &lt;br&gt;have done, but the active cause is God instead of sensation. The world &lt;br&gt;is created by God and in the image of God. Thus Bonald is nothing but an &lt;br&gt;inverted eighteenth-century /philosophe/, replacing by the word &amp;quot;God&amp;quot; &lt;br&gt;and thus ranging himself as a spiritualist, all that the others had &lt;br&gt;attributed to matter.&lt;p&gt;Under the Empire criticism had to be subordinate to the censorship. The &lt;br&gt;reaction against the Revolution necessitated conservative judgments and &lt;br&gt;the rule of the old Classical spirit expressed in the grand style. &lt;br&gt;Independence of mind, such as that of Mme de Sta&amp;#235;l, encountered &lt;br&gt;persecution. Moreover, by a peculiar but not unparalleled manifestation, &lt;br&gt;the fiercest political iconoclasts tended to be literary conservatives. &lt;br&gt;Therefore, Marie- Joseph Ch6nier, the former Jacobin, was entrusted by &lt;br&gt;the Academy with the drawing-up of an orthodox Tableau of literature &lt;br&gt;since 1789. The legislative bodies were reduced to impotence, the bar &lt;br&gt;and the pulpit had to re-echo the praises of Napoleon. The newspapers &lt;br&gt;were closely watched and the /Journal des D&amp;#233;bats/, become /Journal de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;Empire/, was alone smiled upon by authority. Among critics occupied in &lt;br&gt;rhetorical compositions on the beauties of the seventeenth-century &lt;br&gt;literature, or in reviling the audacity of the scientists, only Geoffroy &lt;br&gt;and Fontanes stand in the first rank, though Hoffman, Dussault, Feletz &lt;br&gt;had reputation in their day.&lt;p&gt;Julien-Louis Geoffroy (1743-1814), who had begun his career as the &lt;br&gt;successor of Fr&amp;#233;ron in the Ann&amp;#233;e litt&amp;#233;rairey became the dramatic critic &lt;br&gt;of the Journal des D&amp;#233;bats and the founder of the feuilleton criticism of &lt;br&gt;current dramatic literature. He was a dry and narrow as well as vicious &lt;br&gt;critic, a partisan of the seventeenth century, and particularly of &lt;br&gt;Corneille, perhaps partly because Voltaire had ventured to criticise &lt;br&gt;that poet in his Commentaire.^3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3sym&amp;gt; ^1&lt;p&gt;Louis Fontanes (1757-1821), who had begun his career by mild-mannered &lt;br&gt;but not immeritorious meditative poetry, became finally Grand Master of &lt;br&gt;the University and dispenser of Napoleon&amp;#39;s literary favors.&lt;p&gt;Joseph Joubert (1754-1824), the friend of men like Fontanes and &lt;br&gt;Chateaubriand, of women of talent like Mme de Beaumont and Mme de &lt;br&gt;Vintimille, the valetudinarian and recluse, left at his death many &lt;br&gt;papers, from which in 1838 a posthumous volume [606] of fragments &lt;br&gt;afterwards enlarged, the /Pens&amp;#233;es,/ was gathered. Joubert is but little &lt;br&gt;read by the French, and is perhaps more appreciated by the cultivated &lt;br&gt;English-speaking people as a result of Matthew Arnold&amp;#39;s essay. But as a &lt;br&gt;moralist be deserves a place after Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, and &lt;br&gt;Vauvenargues, and his wise judgments place him high among the &lt;br&gt;interpreters of literature. His preferences were for the seventeenth &lt;br&gt;century, with reservations, as opposed to the eighteenth.&lt;p&gt;The production of novels in the Empire days was large. Napoleon was a &lt;br&gt;prolific reader of literature of a certain kind, Ossianesque in &lt;br&gt;vagueness and sentimental in plot. He could not stand Mme de Stael or &lt;br&gt;Chateaubriand for political reasons. &amp;quot;More novels ending in A!&amp;quot; he said &lt;br&gt;when /Atala/ appeared; &amp;quot;take it away!&amp;quot; But writers like Ducray-Duminil &lt;br&gt;flourished. This author, after composing placid stories for the young, &lt;br&gt;fell under the influence of translations of Mrs. Radcliffe&amp;#39;s novels, &lt;br&gt;such as the /Mysteries of Udolpho./ His chief books, /Victor/, ou &lt;br&gt;/l&amp;#39;enfant de la for&amp;#234;t/ and /Coelina/, ou /l&amp;#39;enfant du myst&amp;#232;re/, had &lt;br&gt;tremendous vogue. Ducray-Duminil&amp;#39;s stories had the usual paraphernalia &lt;br&gt;of the English &amp;quot;School of Terror,&amp;quot; ruined houses, mysterious bells, &lt;br&gt;strange disguises, imprisoned heroines, murders, and the like, all &lt;br&gt;embalmed in moralisings and virtuous instructions. Mme Cottin&amp;#39;s no less &lt;br&gt;eminently moral but calmer stories such as Elisabeth^ are still known to &lt;br&gt;old-fashioned English readers.&lt;p&gt;There were, however, novels of a different character. Pigault-Lebrun was &lt;br&gt;the counterpart of Ducray-Duminil from the standpoint of popularity in &lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;improper&amp;quot; literature. Mme de Kr&amp;#252;dener, the Russian Swedenborgian &lt;br&gt;mystic, was the author of /Valerie/, published in 1803, and through her &lt;br&gt;influence over the emperor Alexander of Russia, the instigator of the &lt;br&gt;Holy Alliance. Xavier de Maistre, the brother of Joseph de Maistre and &lt;br&gt;himself a general in the Russian service, wrote several works of fiction &lt;br&gt;under the influence of Sterne, such as the /Voyage autour de ma &lt;br&gt;chambre/, and the /L&amp;#233;preux de la vall&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;Aoste/.&lt;p&gt;Poetry and the drama ran in a very thin stream under the Empire. &lt;br&gt;Mechanical tragedies patterned after Corneille and Voltaire were &lt;br&gt;galvanised into life by Talma, or by Mlle Georges and Mlle Mars, and &lt;br&gt;then only if they passed the censorship. They were of the type of &lt;br&gt;literature that the irreverent Romanticists were to call &amp;quot;vieille &lt;br&gt;perruque,&amp;quot; because of the wigs of the old fogey conservatives faithful &lt;br&gt;to the fashions of their youth, or &amp;quot;pompier,&amp;quot; because the heroes of &lt;br&gt;Classical painting and play, with their Greek or Roman helmets, fatally &lt;br&gt;suggested a French fireman&amp;#39;s headpiece. N&amp;#233;pomuc&amp;#232;ne Lemercier&amp;#39;s Agamemnon &lt;br&gt;in 1797 marked the real climax of the Classical school. But its &lt;br&gt;mechanical side in its degeneracy may be seen in Brifaut&amp;#39;s play, &lt;br&gt;originally intended to be a Spanish drama named /Don Sanche/, and for &lt;br&gt;political considerations due to the war in Spain, modified under orders &lt;br&gt;from the censor, transferred to Assyria and changed without difficulty &lt;br&gt;into /Ninus II/. The greatest popular success of the period was &lt;br&gt;Raynouard&amp;#39;s /Templiers/, in which the author drew his subject from &lt;br&gt;French history instead of from antiquity. Luce de Lancival&amp;#39;s /Hector/ &lt;br&gt;was another epoch-making play. Lemercier&amp;#39;s /Pinto/ is looked upon as a &lt;br&gt;precursor of the historical comedy and Romantic drama, though he hated &lt;br&gt;the Romanticists. His Christophe Colomb caused riots and deaths at the &lt;br&gt;performance because of some bold rhymes and epithets. The specific &lt;br&gt;comedy writers were Picard, Alexandre Duval, and Etienne.&lt;p&gt;The poets were numerous and voluble: they had nothing to say, and said &lt;br&gt;it at great length. The Classicists wrote solemn epics drawn from &lt;br&gt;national history, as became the bards of imperial heroism, or poured &lt;br&gt;forth verses to order for state functions. Delille and his school gave &lt;br&gt;out their descriptive poetry and drawing-room treatises on agriculture. &lt;br&gt;In lyric and elegiac verse, though there was little vigor and &lt;br&gt;originality, there was less pretence. The dreamy sentiment of Millevoye, &lt;br&gt;already discussed, and of Ch&amp;#234;nedoll&amp;#233; (1769-1833), precursors of &lt;br&gt;Lamartine, was in vogue. Chateaubriand complained of the way [608] in &lt;br&gt;which Ch&amp;#234;nedoll&amp;#233; ransacked him for motives and inspiration.&lt;p&gt;Often the lyricism found expression in the genre troubadour, ballads and &lt;br&gt;songs of pseudo-mediaevalism, of which we have an example in English in &lt;br&gt;some of the songs of Thomas Haynes Bayly:&lt;p&gt;Gaily the troubadour&lt;br&gt;Touched his guitar,&lt;br&gt;As he came riding&lt;br&gt;Home from the war.&lt;p&gt;One writer, the marquis de Surville, even tried the experiment of &lt;br&gt;Chatterton and of Macpherson, and wrote a large collection of archaic &lt;br&gt;stanzas which were published as the authentic productions of a &lt;br&gt;fifteenth-century ancestress, Clotilde de Surville, and caused great &lt;br&gt;discussion. Macpherson&amp;#39;s Ossian itself, still accepted without &lt;br&gt;controversy, found a translator in Baour- Lormian (1770-1854), who &lt;br&gt;likewise, in his Veill&amp;#233;es po&amp;#233;tiques et morales, inspired by Young, &lt;br&gt;developed the willow and cypress melancholy which was an element of the &lt;br&gt;milder form of Romanticism.&lt;p&gt;Fortunately all poetry was not given over to gloom. The witty Classicist &lt;br&gt;Andrieux (1759-1833) wrote, among other things, comedies, verse stories, &lt;br&gt;and fables, of which the Meunier de Sans-Souci remains in all &lt;br&gt;anthologies. Arnault (1766-1834) was another ambitious playwright who &lt;br&gt;won a name with posterity rather for his epigrammatic fables. The &lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Caveau modeme&amp;quot; a successor to the eighteenth-century associations, had &lt;br&gt;as chief founder D&amp;#233;saugiers (1772-1827), the greatest song writer along &lt;br&gt;with Stranger; and his Monsieur et Madame Denis and Paris &amp;#224; cinq heures &lt;br&gt;du matin belong to the undying r&amp;#233;pertoire of the French chanson.&lt;br&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt; Daunou (1761-1840) initiated Sainte-Beuve into both &lt;br&gt;the literary and the philosophical traditions of the eighteenth century, &lt;br&gt;and Fauriel (1772-1844) into historical method and the widening of &lt;br&gt;knowledge and sympathy of the nineteenth. Fauriel occupied somewhat the &lt;br&gt;position of a French Herder. Cf . Portraits contemporains, Vol. IV.&lt;br&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt;Passage &amp;#224; comparer avec lcsm sur sa diff&amp;#233;renciation &lt;br&gt;entre table rase et table ras&amp;#233;e.&lt;br&gt;3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3anc&amp;gt; 1. Napoleon himself liked to lay down the law with &lt;br&gt;regard to the drama besides listening to his favorite actor Talma, and &lt;br&gt;would analyse the Cornelian heroes from the standpoint of the imperial &lt;br&gt;usurper.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-6280558686214019356?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/6280558686214019356'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/6280558686214019356'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/empire-19e-century-famous-men.html' title='empire 19e century famous men !'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-5247179300175714303</id><published>2009-11-06T02:39:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-06T02:44:57.213-08:00</updated><title type='text'>saint-martin pasqually free-mason secret societies french revolution</title><content type='html'>*SECRET SOCIETIES AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION &lt;br&gt;Una Pope 1911&lt;br&gt;*&lt;br&gt;	THE spiritual life of nations, if it could be fully revealed, would alter many of the judgments of posterity. New interpretations of ancient tragedies and crimes, new motives for speech and action, new inspirations for revolution and war might then present themselves for the consideration of the historian. If it needs divination to discern the aspiration and desire enclosed within the ordinary human soul, how much more does it need divination to read aright the principles and incentives that lay behind historic actions ? Diviners have not written history, and professional historians have generally chosen to deal with facts, rather than with their psychological significance. Because of this preference, certain conventions have grown up amongst the writers of history, and certain obvious economic and social conflicts and conditions have been accepted as the cause of events, at the cost of repudiating that mystical and vague, but ever constant idealism, - 3 - which spurs man on towards his unknown destiny. &lt;p&gt;	Especially has this been the case in dealing with the origin of the French Revolution. Nearly all secular historians have ignored the secret Utopian societies which flourished before its outbreak ; or have agreed that they had no bearing, direct or indirect, upon the actual subversion of affairs. Since the world has always been at the mercy of the idealists, and since human society has ever been the object of their unending empiricism, it is hard to believe that the greatest experiment of modern history was engineered without their co-operation. More than any other age does the eighteenth century need its psychologist, for more than any other age, if interpreted, could it illumine the horizons of generations to come. &lt;p&gt;	Amongst the historians who have attempted to explain the forces which brought about the great upheaval of the eighteenth century there have been priests of the Catholic Church. To the elucidation of the great problems involved they have brought to bear knowledge and diligent research, but we must recognise that the black cassock is the uniform of an army drilled - 4 - and maintained for a specific purpose, and that purpose is war against much that the Revolution stood for. Two priests, Barruel and Deschamps, who feared the cryptic confederacies, wrote books to prove that the purpose of the secret societies before and after the great Revolution was not the betterment of the condition of the people, but the overthrow of the Church, the destruction of Christian society, and the re-establishment of Paganism. However much preparation may have been required to enfranchise thought, no great measure of organisation or mystery was or is needful to enable men to live as Pagans if they so desire, and little meaning is to be extracted from this theory unless it be realised that in some of these works freedom of thought and Paganism are interchangeable terms. Secular amateurs of the curious and unexplained have written desultory books on the same secret societies, and in the early nineteenth century the works of Mounier, de Luchet, and Robison attracted a good deal of attention ; but save for these special pleaders it has been accepted that there is little of practical moment to be noted of the connection between secret societies and the Revolution. In the - 5 - books which have appeared since that date there has been a conspicuous absence of any new material or of any fresh treatment of old theories. Many general histories of masonry have been published exalting masonic influences; but, speaking solely with reference to France, no effort has been made by any scientific or unprejudiced person outside masonry to explain the increasing membership of secret societies, the greater activity of lodges of all rites during the years that preceded the Revolution, and the sudden disappearance of those lodges in the early months of 1789. Nor has it been attempted to place these important factors in progress in right relation with the other inducements and tendencies which drove eighteenth-century France to accomplish her own liberation. &lt;p&gt;	Le Couteulx de Canteleu, who wrote on the general question of the secret societies of the eighteenth century^1  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt;,* professed to have access to documents that gave his words importance and weight, and his book, though slight in character, is one of the most interesting studies on the subject. *Papus (Gerard Encausse)* has written - 6 - on individual founders of rites and on some mystical teachers of the day, and Amiable, an eminent mason, has published a pleasant record of a particular lodge up till the year 1789, as well as a short summary of the influence of masonry on the great Revolution. The published information is fragmentary, as is to be expected in view of the nature of the subject, and the difficulty of grasping the work of the confederates as a whole is insurmountable until further light is cast upon their methods and instruments ; for though the general drift of the underground social currents has frequently been discussed, and though occasionally a microscopic inquiry has been made into ceremonial and the lives of individuals, owing either to lack of material or lack of sincerity, books dealing with these matters are incomplete and partial accounts of what, properly investigated, might prove to be a vast co-ordinated attempt at the reconstruction of society. &lt;p&gt;	It has been the convention for most historians to ignore such activities, just as it has been the practice of priests to recognise in them the destroyers of all morality. Louis Blanc and Henri Martin, in their respective histories, - 7 - each devote a chapter to the discussion of secret societies. The former speaks of masonry as &amp;quot;a denunciation indirect but real and continuous of the miseries of the social order,&amp;quot; as &amp;quot; a propaganda in action,&amp;quot; a living exhortation.&amp;quot; With the exception of these and a few other authors who from time to time allude to the secret societies, historians have elucidated the crisis of the eighteenth century with no estimate of their influence. Taine, of whom it may be said that his thesis occasionally determined the choice of his facts, does not number them among the origins of the new conditions in France. &lt;p&gt;	The Great Revolution has been assumed to be a spontaneous national uprising against oppression, privilege, immorality in high places, and conditions of life making existence a burden for the proletariat. Such a theory would cover the rebellion that razed the Bastille and caused the clamour at Versailles, that destroyed the country houses and killed the nobles; but it does not cover the intellectual and social reforms which were the kernel of the Revolution, and its true objective. These, on the other hand, have been too easily attributed to the publication of the &amp;quot; Encyclopaedia,&amp;quot; and of certain other volumes - 8 - by Beccaria, Rousseau, or Voltaire. Books were undoubtedly partially responsible for the awakening of the educated classes. The rationalist presses in Dublin, the Hague, and London, poured pamphlets into France to be sold by itinerant booksellers, who hawked them in country districts concealed beneath a thin layer of prayer-books and catechisms. But the pamphlets and books more often found their way to the public pyre than to the domestic hearth, and it can hardly be argued that these irregularly distributed volumes were directly responsible for the Revolution, though they too formed one of the contributory agencies of that cataclysm. &lt;p&gt;	Men have said that liberal ideas were in the air, and that no one could so much as breathe without inhaling them ; but this suggestion is meaningless, for to say ideas are &amp;quot; in the air &amp;quot; is to say many people hold them, which is hardly a way of accounting for their being held by many people. A suggestion so unsatisfying constrains us to seek the causes of contagion in a theory of more direct contact. If a book would not set a midland village on fire to-day, how much less would it have done so in the - 9 - olden days when the poorest classes were completely unlettered ? The &amp;quot;Encyclopaedia &amp;quot; and the works of economists and philosophers made their appeal in intellectual circles, and those words of reasonableness and light scarcely could have illumined the mental twilight of the lower bourgeoisie, much less have penetrated the darkness in which the peasant classes lived. Yet the Revolution, as its results testify, was a national movement towards a new order of affairs, and not a general declension towards anarchy. Therefore, since a spontaneous upheaval is unthinkable, and the history of smaller revolutions leads us to infer that revolution is always the result of associative agitation, it probably originated in a certain co-ordination or ideas and doctrines. These ideas and doctrines must have been widely diffused and widely apprehended, yet they could not have been spread by ordinary demagogic means ; for not only was freedom of speech prohibited, but it was illegal to publish unorthodox books. The publication of the &amp;quot; Encyclopaedia &amp;quot; was forbidden in 1759, and both Frederick the Great and Catherine of Russia offered asylum to its authors. Till a few years before the Revolution - 10 - it had been the custom to silence murmuring minorities by sword or fire. In 1762 the pastor Rochette died for his opinions, and the three Protestant brothers Grenier were decapitated, ostensibly for street brawling, but in reality for their faith. Monsieur de Laraguais was presented with a &amp;quot;lettre de cachet&amp;quot; for the citadel at Metz, for reading a paper in favour of inoculation before an assembly of the Academy in Paris.^2  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt;* His defence was that by his advocacy he hoped to preserve to France the lives of the fifty thousand persons who died annually of small-pox. So associated had imprisonment and execution become with the holding of liberal ideas that when Boulanger died almost coincidently with the publication of his book &amp;quot; Les Recherches sur le Despotisme Oriental,&amp;quot; men speculated whether his death could be attributed to natural causes^3  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3sym&amp;gt;. &amp;quot;Belisaire,&amp;quot; a moral and political romance by M. de Marmontel, provoked a tumult. Bachaumont relates that the Sorbonne saw fit to protest against Chapter XV., &amp;quot;which treats of Tolerance.&amp;quot;^4  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4sym&amp;gt; In consequence the book was suppressed. &amp;quot;La Confession de – 11 -&lt;br&gt;Foi d&amp;#39;un Vicaire Savoyard &amp;quot; exerted an extraordinary influence in unseating existing authorities. It was what the publication of the Bible had been to Germany, an obligation to private judgment. The author of this book after this effort fell back on making laces since he could not take up his pen without making every power in Europe tremble. &lt;p&gt;	How is it possible that, when such penalties threatened the efforts of writers and speakers, ideas of progress could be cherished in thousands of minds, and the passion for social regeneration flame in countless souls ? Though there was no enunciation of liberal hopes in the market-places, yet an invisible hand, as in the day of Daniel, had written in flaming letters the word &amp;quot; brotherhood &amp;quot; across the tablets of French hearts. Was the dissemination of ideas, and the diffusion of enthusiasm, to be accounted for by the spirit of the age ; or did the theory of the modern State generate spontaneously in the minds of Frenchmen ? Was the great Revolution a mere accident, or was it the inevitable result of coordinated ideas in action ? Taine was of the opinion that the doctrines propagated themselves, carried like thistle-down upon the winds of chance. &lt;br&gt;- 12 -&lt;br&gt;	The obvious inference to be drawn from his opinion is that the social idealists of the eighteenth century lacked either the courage or the zeal to further their beliefs ; and that they, unlike their forerunners or their successors, were ready to entrust their hopes to the written word, and leave the rest to the gods. It is making too great a demand on human credulity to ask man to believe this, and many significant facts witness to the hitherto unestimated work of the secret societies in furthering the cause of popular emancipation. Ideas are not suddenly converted into swords. Men must have hammered patiently and hard upon the anvil of the national soul to produce the keen-edged, swift-striking blade of revolution. &lt;p&gt;	&amp;quot;The aim of all social institutions should be the amelioration of the physical, mental and moral condition of the poorest classes,&amp;quot; said one whom Barruel alluded to as &amp;quot; a demon hating Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; The speaker was Condorcet,^5  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5sym&amp;gt;* a man acquainted with the ideals of the secret societies. In announcing the eventual publication of the &amp;quot; History of the Progress of the - 13 - Human Mind,&amp;quot; a work interrupted by his death, he spoke of the destruction of old authorities by invisible associations. &amp;quot; There are moments in history,&amp;quot; said George Sand, &amp;quot;when Empires exist but in name, and when their only life lies in the societies that are hidden in their heart.&amp;quot; Such a moment for France was the reign of Louis XVI. &lt;p&gt;	Legends of secret societies survived in every part of Europe at the opening of the eighteenth century. They existed for the prosecution of Theurgia as well as Goetia, for masonry as well as mystical philosophy. Speaking generally, their interest did not lie in the region of politics or polemics, but in that of study, experiment, and speculation ; and their chief care was the preservation and elucidation of ancient hermetic and traditional secrets. As a rule the Church had persecuted such societies, though her prelates had frequently condescended to the study of magic, and a few among them like Pope John XXII. had spent long nights in alchemical experiment. It remained for the Utopians of the eighteenth century so to interpret the symbolism of the secret societies, so to affiliate them, and so to organise the forces of masonry, mysticism and magic, as - 14 - for a few years to unite them into a power capable not only of inspiring but of precipitating the greatest social upheaval of Christendom. &lt;p&gt;	It is difficult to believe or understand, that bodies holding differing doctrines, adherents of many rites, disciples of divergent masters, ever commingled for a day in their enthusiasm for the common cause ; yet this singular and Hegelian amalgamation seems in practice to have taken place.^6  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6sym&amp;gt; The principal force in the trinity of masonry, mysticism, and magic was masonry, and it, like many other innovations, was introduced into France from England. Just as Voltaire and Rousseau derived their philosophy from English sources, and applied the theories they absorbed in a direct manner to the life of their own country, so did the French people derive their masonic institutions from England, and apply them for purposes of social regeneration in a fashion never even contemplated in the land of their origin. The English Deists, Hume, Locke, and Toland, were responsible for the intellectual regeneration of France, just as the Legitimist lodges planted in that country after the Stuart downfall were responsible for the – 15 - many lodges of tolerance, charity, truth, and candour which disseminated the seeds of the humanitarian movement on French soil. The Pantheisticon became the model of French societies. &lt;p&gt;	Until the sixteenth century masonic corporations in England and other countries consisted of three purely professional grades holding the secrets of the architectural craft, the mysteries of proportion, and the true canon of building. The epics in grey stone our cathedral towns enclose memorialise the tradition of the older masonry, and testify to the inviolability of its secret formulae. In every Catholic land, from Paris to Batalha, from Salisbury to Cologne, rise the superb conceptions of the masonic mind: serene, unchallengeable symbols of doctrines, mysteries, and myths, the venerable shrines of uncounted memories. During the sixteenth century England became the motherland of a newer masonry. Another spirit then permeated the craft; mysteries as ancient as the canon of building and the lost word of the Temple, Egyptian rites and Greek initiations, were blended with the purer traditions of the past. Rosicrucians, like Francis Bacon and Elias - 16 - Ashmole, joined the hitherto exclusively professional body. Out of this marriage of thoughts and aims arose the modern masonic system, of which England at the end of the sixteenth century alone knew the secret. So thoroughly was the old system transfused with speculative ideas that by 1703 it had been decided that the antique guild model of masonry should be abandoned for a scheme of wider comprehension, embracing men holding certain common ideals and aspirations irrespective of craft or art. By this decision masonry became really free ; though the actual bases on which the future of the new &amp;quot; speculative,&amp;quot; as the development of the old &amp;quot; operative&amp;quot; masonry, was to be established, were not laid down till 1717 by a commission of the Grand Lodge of London. Sir Christopher Wren, the last of the Grand Masters of the older organisation, was followed in his great office in two successive years by foreigners A. Sayer and Desaguliers, who inaugurated a more cosmopolitan era, and assisted in weaving the strands of brotherhood between England and foreign lands. &lt;p&gt;	Though legend ascribes the English Revolution and the ascendency of Cromwell to masonic - 17 - *influence, records reveal and attest that the associative facilities masonic gatherings afforded were found favourable during the Civil War to the contriving of Royalists&amp;#39; plots rather than to the promotion of Republican schemes. Charles II. was a mason, James II. was championed by lodges, and both the Pretenders instituted rites with the object of accomplishing their own restoration*. &lt;p&gt;	The Legitimists first introduced Freemasonry into France. Lord Derwentwater, the brother of the Lord Derwentwater who had been beheaded in 1716, was one of the earliest masonic missionaries. Together with Maskelyne, Heguerty, and others, he founded the first lodge in France at Dunkerque in 1721, the year in which the Regent died. Other lodges were inaugurated in Paris in 1725, all with the intention of rallying supporters of the Stuart cause. These were granted charters from London, and were ruled over by a Grand Master, called Lord Harnwester, of whom little is known. The most interesting personality among the Legitimist votaries was Andrew Michael Ramsay, commonly called the Chevalier. The son of a baker, he was educated at Edinburgh University, -18 - and became tutor to the two sons of Lord Wemyss ; then going to the Netherlands with the English auxiliaries, he made friends with the mystical theologist Poiret, and in consequence of the latter&amp;#39;s quietist influence, gave up soldiering, and went to consult Fenelon about his future. He soon became the Archbishop&amp;#39;s intimate friend, as well as a convert to his Church, and remaining with him till his death found himself the legatee of all his papers, and thus the designated chronicler of his life. This life was published at the Hague in 1723, and in the following year Ramsay went as travelling tutor to the two sons of James Francis Edward. On his return to Paris he continued his tutorial work in other families, combining it with the most strenuously active masonic life. He professed to have derived his elaborate and numerous rites from Godfrey de Bouillon, and managed to popularise masonry and exalt it into a fashionable pursuit. Gradually the English lodges in Paris became a subject of curiosity and conversation in society, and so long as they remained concerned with the affairs of a foreign kingdom they were left undisturbed by the officials of their adopted – 19 - country. When, however, Frenchmen began to enrol themselves as masons, and some exclusively French lodges were founded, the newspapers alarmed the public by announcing that Freemasonry had become the vogue. Police regulations were at once issued to prohibit meetings, and Louis XV. forbade gentlemen his Court, and even threatened with the Bastille those who attended lodge gatherings. A zealous commissary of police, Jean de Lespinay, spying on a meeting held at Chapelot&amp;#39;s inn, ordered the assembly to dissolve ; but the Duc d&amp;#39;Antin responded by commanding the official interloper to retire. He went meekly enough, but Chapelot was deprived of his licence a few days later, and fined a thousand francs. Masons surprised at the Hotel de Soissons were imprisoned in Fort l&amp;#39;Eveque, and notice was given to innkeepers that on sheltering such gatherings they made themselves liable to a fine of three thousand francs. These edicts stimulated the curiosity of the public, and every one became inquisitive as to the aims and objects of the mysterious association. Mademoiselle Cambon, an opera-singer, managed to extract a document from - 20 - her lover containing instruction on masonic ritual. It was easy then to parody their practices. Eight dancing-girls executed at her instigation a &amp;quot; Freemason ballet,&amp;quot; while the Jesuits of the Dubois College at Caen made their rites the subject of a pantomime. &lt;p&gt;	In 1737 the old and amiable councillor of Louis XV., Cardinal Fleury, forbade good Catholics to attend at the lodges, and the next year Clement XII. condemned Freemasonry in a bull. Notwithstanding this opposition the craft grew numerically, and under the protective influence of the Grand Master, the Duc d&amp;#39;Antin, some of the educational work which forms their greatest claim to historic recognition was undertaken. In 1738 the Grand Master urged all masons to help in the work of the great Encyclopaedia, and to assist in forming &amp;quot; that library which in one work should contain the light of all nations.&amp;quot; He alluded in his speech to the experiment made previously in London, and appealed for subscriptions for the furtherance of the French work. His secret correspondence with enlightened sympathisers in all parts of Europe enabled him to announce to the lodges in 1740 that the advent of the great – 21 - work was eagerly awaited in every foreign land. Masonic subscription made possible the commencement of the work by Diderot in 1741. It proof were needed to show that in France, in its most corrupt days, men existed who were preaching brotherhood, love, equality, and freedom, the proof exists in the speeches of the Duc d&amp;#39;Antin, who was a Revolutionary half a century before the Revolution. A discourse delivered by him at the &amp;quot; Grande Loge solennellement assembl&amp;#233;e, Paris &amp;quot; reveals his attitude and that of his associates towards the feudal society of his day ; &lt;p&gt;	&amp;quot;Les hommes ne sont pas distingu&amp;#233;s essentiellement par la diff&amp;#233;rence des langues qu&amp;#39;ils parlent, des habits qu&amp;#39;ils portent, des pays qu&amp;#39;ils occupent, ni des dignit&amp;#233;s dont ils sont rev&amp;#234;tus. Le monde entier n&amp;#39;est qu&amp;#39;une grande r&amp;#233;publique, dont chaque nation est une famille et chaque particulier un enfant. C&amp;#39;est pour faire revivre et r&amp;#233;pandre ces essentielles maximes, prises dans la nature de l&amp;#39;homme, que notre soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; fut d&amp;#39;abord &amp;#233;tablie. Nous voulons r&amp;#233;unir tous les hommes d&amp;#39;un esprit &amp;#233;clair&amp;#233;, de moeurs douces, et d&amp;#39;une humeur agr&amp;#233;able, non seulement pour – 22 - l&amp;#39;amour des beaux-arts mais encore plus par les grands principes de vertu, de science et de religion, ou 1&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t de confraternit&amp;#233; devient celui du genre humain entier, ou toutes les nations peuvent puiser des connaissances solides, et ou les sujets de tous les royaumes peuvent apprendre &amp;#224; se ch&amp;#233;rir mutuellement, sans renoncer &amp;#224; leur patrie. . . . Quelle obligation n&amp;#39;a-t-on pas &amp;#224; ces hommes sup&amp;#233;rieurs qui, sans int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t grossier, sans m&amp;#234;me &amp;#233;couter 1&amp;#39;envie naturelle de dominer ont imagine un &amp;#233;tablissement dont 1&amp;#39;unique but est la r&amp;#233;union des esprits et des coeurs pour les rendre meilleurs, et former dans la suite des temps une nation toute spirituelle ou sans d&amp;#233;roger aux divers devoirs que la diff&amp;#233;rence des &amp;#233;tats exige, on cr&amp;#233;era un peuple nouveau qui &amp;#233;tant compos&amp;#233; de plusieurs nations, les cimentera toutes, en quelque sorte par le lien de la vertu et de la science.&amp;quot;^7  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote7sym&amp;gt;* &lt;p&gt;	A well-informed person revealed to the world some of the masonic secrets of equality and tolerance.^8  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8sym&amp;gt; The author, whose ladyhood was - 23 - probably fictitious, was merely printing and making public the aspirations of all those who were longing to assist at the eventual social regeneration of France : &lt;p&gt;	&amp;quot; Il est tr&amp;#232;s naturel de deviner le secret des francs-ma&amp;#231;ons par l&amp;#39;examen de ce qu&amp;#39;on leur voit pratiquer constamment. Ils entrent sans distinction les grands et les petits : ils se mesurent tous au m&amp;#234;me niveau ; ils mangent ensemble p&amp;#232;le-m&amp;#234;le ; ils se r&amp;#233;pandent dans le monde entier avec la m&amp;#234;me uniformit&amp;#233;. II est donc plus que probable, concluais-je, qu&amp;#39;il n&amp;#39;est question chez eux que d&amp;#39;une ma&amp;#231;onnerie purement symbolique, dont le secret consiste &amp;#224; b&amp;#226;tir insensiblement une r&amp;#233;publique, universelle et d&amp;#233;mocratique, dont la reine sera la raison, et le conseil supr&amp;#234;me 1&amp;#39;assembl&amp;#233;e des sages.&amp;quot; &lt;p&gt;	When the Duc d&amp;#39;Antin&amp;#39;s grand mastership ceased, a temporary debasement of masonry resulted. Great abuses crept into the craft, for under his successsor, the Comte de Clermont, lodges were irregularly established, and dignities were sold. Androgynous societies, the cause of continual scandal, were established. The Society of Jesus also endeavoured to disrupt masonic - 24 - organisation, and very speedily the &amp;quot; Grande Loge &amp;quot; split up into factions. The Comte de Clermont possibly was the servant of the Church and the real promoter of the schisms of his society. He had blended the careers of cleric and soldier in a curious manner, for though tonsured at nine years old, and subsequently dowered with rich abbeys, he was enabled later, through a Papal dispensation, to enter the army, where he quickly rose to commanding rank, and showed himself as useless a general as he afterwards proved himself a Grand Master. As his working substitutes in the &amp;quot; Grande Loge de France &amp;quot; he nominated a financier named Baure, and a dancing-master named Lacorne. For eighteen years the &amp;quot; Grande Loge de France &amp;quot; was convulsed by discord and evil practice, justifying only too accurately the strictures of the Church. It obeyed with something like relief the order of the civil authorities in 1767 to hold no further meetings, and remained quiescent till the Comte de Clermont&amp;#39;s death in 1771. In this year it was proposed to reform its organisation thoroughly. Emissaries were sent into all parts of France to take count of the situation, and to prepare reports for the - 25 - central committee. In consequence of these reports it was decided that the association should be reorganised on a more democratic basis, every office being made annually elective. The Duc de Chartres was chosen as Grand Master, and the Duc de Luxembourg as general administrator. As the Duc de Chartres did not at once accept the Grand Mastership, he never in point of action was Grand Master of the &amp;quot; Loge de France,&amp;quot; though in 1773 an assembly met, which, after confirming the elections of 1771, installed him with great solemnity in his office as head of the &amp;quot; Grand Orient.&amp;quot; The meeting convened for this occasion at Folie-Titon, a &amp;quot; maison de plaisance,&amp;quot; constituted the parliament of masonry, though not all the lodges consented to send representatives to it. &lt;p&gt;	&amp;quot; Le Grand Orient n&amp;#39;est plus qu&amp;#39;un corps forme par la r&amp;#233;union des repr&amp;#233;sentants libres de toutes les loges : ce sont les loges elles-m&amp;#234;mes, ce sont tous les ma&amp;#231;ons membres de ces loges, qui par la voie de leurs repr&amp;#233;sentants donnent les lois ; qui les font observer d&amp;#39;une part et qui les observent de l&amp;#39;autre. Nul - 26 - n&amp;#39;ob&amp;#233;it qu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; la loi qu&amp;#39;il s&amp;#39;est impos&amp;#233;e lui-m&amp;#234;me. C&amp;#39;est le plus libre, le plus juste, le plus naturel, et par cons&amp;#233;quent le plus parfait des gouvernements^9  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote9sym&amp;gt;.&amp;quot;* &lt;p&gt;	The council of the new organisation sat in the former Jesuit novitiate of the rue Pot de Fer, and worked with increasing power and industry until the outbreak of the Revolution that was to realise their ideals. A section of the &amp;quot;Grande Loge de France&amp;quot; refused to obey the &amp;quot; Grand Orient,&amp;quot; and continued to operate independently. The &amp;quot;Empereurs d&amp;#39;Orient et d&amp;#39;Occident&amp;quot; and the &amp;quot;Chevaliers d&amp;#39;Orient&amp;quot; also worked separately, nor would they take part in the amalgamation. Later on, however, great changes took place in masonic opinion, while bonds of common interest drew together lodges that would, without the political interest, always have been divided. &lt;p&gt;*	Not only was France the home of many masonic lodges, but its social system was riddled with mystical societies which gathered their initiates from among the adepts of masonic grades, and owned allegiance to no supreme - 27 - council. Swedenborg and Martinez de Pasqually always regarded masonry as a school of instruction, and considered it the elementary and inferior step that led to the higher mysteries. In consequence of their teaching it came about that a great number of sects and rites were instituted in all parts of Europe, whose unity consisted in a common masonic initiation, but whose aims, doctrines, and practices were often irreconcilable. The Martinezists, or followers of Martinez de Pasqually, were a distinctively French sect; they had lodges in Paris in 1754, and also at Toulouse, Poitiers, Marseille, and other places. The term &amp;quot; Illuminates &amp;quot; is applied to them equally with the Swedenborgians, Martinists, and several germane societies. *&lt;p&gt;	Pasqually is said to have been a Rosicrucian adept. His teaching was theurgic and moral, and his avowed object was to develop the somnolent divine faculties in humanity, and to lead man to enter into communication with the invisible, by means of &amp;quot;La Chose,&amp;quot; the enigmatic name he gave to the highest secret. He is chiefly interesting as having been the first to permeate the higher grades of French masonry with illuminism, an example followed afterwards - 28 - with conspicuous success by the disciples of Weishaupt. When Pasqually died in Haiti his teaching was taken up by Willermooz, a Lyonese merchant, also by the celebrated Louis Claude de Saint-Martin. Saint-Martin absorbed and developed his master&amp;#39;s teaching in a peculiar and personal manner, and through his philosophy became an important influence on then current affairs. He had been an officer in the regiment of Foix at Bordeaux when he first became acquainted with Pasqually, and soon after meeting him he threw up his commission in the army with the object of devoting his life to meditation, and the study of Jacob Boehme. He became the mystical philosopher of the Revolution, and the book he published in 1775, &amp;quot; Des Erreurs et de la V&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;,&amp;quot; produced an immense sensation, comparable to that created by the publication of &amp;quot; La Profession de Foi d&amp;#39;un Vicaire Savoyard.&amp;quot; Like Rousseau, he believed in the infinite possibilities of man, holding that Providence had planted a religion in man&amp;#39;s heart &amp;quot; which could not be contaminated by priestly traffic, nor tainted by imposture.&amp;quot; Rousseau gave the name of conscience to &amp;quot; the innate principle of justice and virtue which, - 29 - independently of experience and in spite of ourselves, forms the basis of our judgments&amp;quot; ; Saint-Martin thought it the divine instinct. On the belief in man&amp;#39;s essential goodness both founded their demand for social revolution, claiming an opportunity for men to be indeed men and not slaves, a chance for climbing back to that old God-designed level of happiness from which they had descended. Saint-Martin saw in such a movement the awakening of men from the sleep of death, and with deep conviction he responded to the cry &amp;quot; All men are priests,&amp;quot; uttered three centuries earlier by Luther, with the cry &amp;quot;All men are kings!&amp;quot; The answer to the social enigmas of the century was whispered by him in the &amp;quot; ternaire sacr&amp;#233; &amp;quot; of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity ; and it echoed with reverberating clangor through all the lodges of France. Martinist societies were everywhere founded to study the doctrines contained in his book, and to expound the teachings of the mystical philosopher who, like Lamartine in a later day, contemplated the Revolution as Christianity applied to politics. &lt;p&gt;	A volume might easily be written upon the - 30 - lodges and rites in France during this time ; and their very number makes choice of those deserving peculiar mention bewildering. The well-known &amp;quot;Loge des Amis R&amp;#233;unis,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot; Philal&amp;#232;thes,&amp;quot; inaugurated by &amp;quot; the man of all conspiracies/&amp;#39; Savalette de Lange, and his friends, carried on an important correspondence with lodges in every quarter of Europe. Under the pretext of pleasant gatherings and luxurious dinners these &amp;quot; friends of truth &amp;quot; prosecuted the dark and dangerous work of preparing that reformation of society which in practice became Revolution. One of the most famous, if not the most interesting, of the intellectual lodges, was that of the &amp;quot; Neuf Soeurs &amp;quot; in Paris, founded in memory of Helvetius, which, if it held a secret, held the secret of Voltaire, &amp;quot; Humanity and Tolerance.&amp;quot; It was intended to be an encyclopaedic workshop, a complement to the already existing Lodge of Sciences. Since all the secondary education in France was in the hands of a clerical corporation, and the Sorbonne was dedicated to theology, the &amp;quot; Neuf Soeurs &amp;quot; organised^10  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote10sym&amp;gt; * &amp;quot; la Soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; Apollonienne.&amp;quot; This society arranged for courses of lectures - 31 - to be given by its more eminent members ; Marmontel and Garat, for example, lectured on history, La Harpe on literature, Condorcet and De la Croix on chemistry, Fourcroy and Sue on anatomy and physiology. The improvised college did not shut its doors during the Revolution, but changed its name to &amp;quot; Lyc&amp;#233;e R&amp;#233;publicain.&amp;quot; Its professors conformed to Republican usages, and La Harpe was to be seen lecturing in a red cap. &lt;p&gt;	Some useful institutions seem to have been evolved out of the conclaves of the &amp;quot; Neuf Soeurs,&amp;quot; including the reformed laws of criminal procedure embodied in the Code Napoleon.^11  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote11sym&amp;gt;* The Duc de la Rochefoucauld, translator of the American Constitution, was an associate of the lodge, so was Forster, who sailed round the world with Captain Cook; Brissot, who was later condemned as leader of the Girondins, Camille Desmoulins, Fauchet, Romme, Bailly, Rabaud Saint Etienne, Danton, Andre Ch&amp;#233;nier, Dom Gerle, Paul Jones, Franklin, Guillotin, Cabanis, Petion, Si&amp;#233;y&amp;#232;s, Cerutti, Hanna, and Voltaire. Together they form an illustrious company who, all in their varying ways, took [32] conspicuous shares in the work of reformation. Commemorative assemblies and processions were organised by this lodge on the occasions of the deaths of Franklin, Voltaire, and Paul Jones, the liberators. The lodge has received historic consecration at the hands of Louis Blanc, Henri Martin, and Amiable. Having accomplished a great work, it disappeared, like all the other lodges, at the opening of the Revolution. &lt;p&gt;	The share that women took in promoting social changes has not received the attention it deserves. Readers of Dumas are familiar with the fact that in country districts fraternal societies welcoming members of both sexes met regularly in barns and farms ; but it does not seem to be usually recognised that apart from the &amp;quot; Loges de la F&amp;#233;licit&amp;#233;,&amp;quot; which had been the occasion of frequent scandal, many regular and well-conducted &amp;quot; lodges of adoption&amp;quot; for women were recognised by the &amp;quot; Grand Orient.&amp;quot; *The Duchess de Bourbon, Egalite&amp;#39;s sister*, was Grand Mistress of the adoptive lodge of &amp;quot; la Candeur &amp;quot; in 1775, and Princesse de Lamballe and Madame de Genlis also wielded the hammer. The work of these fashionable dames cannot, however, be taken seriously. It was a pastime - 33 - for them, just as were the decorous fetes held within the lodges in which both men and women participated. The entertainments were elegant and refined, often taking the form of the illustration of a virtue such as benevolence, or of homage to some humanitarian quality. For example, one day a lady discovered that a poor working woman with nine children had added to her burdens by adopting the orphan of a friend. The ladies of her lodge were enthusiastic at such generosity, and caused the poor woman to be exhibited at one of their reunions in a tableau surrounded by the ten children. After considerable acclamation she was allowed to go her way with clothes and money presented by her admirers. &amp;quot; Bienfaisance &amp;quot; was a paricularly fashionable virtue. Women of society raised altars in their rooms dedicated to this quality. The tone of society, however, was not wholly sentimental ; it was also reasonable, and it became the vogue for ladies to attend scientific lectures ; classes in drawing-rooms on mineralogy, chemistry, and physics were well attended ; ladies were no longer painted as goddesses, but as students, in laboratories, surrounded by telescopes and retorts ; Countess Voyer attended - 34 - dissections, and one of her friends wielded the scalpel with grace ; Madame de Genlis, whose self-satisfaction is almost priggish, alludes in her memoirs to the intense pleasure she derived from some geological lectures. &lt;p&gt;	While the world of fashion was playing with science and masonry, the opinions and beliefs of its social inferiors were gradually crystallising into action. Serious women of the bourgeoisie and farmer classes attended meetings and discussions and taught their sons and their husbands what it meant to fight for an ideal ; and how the ternaire sacr&amp;#233; could be translated into fact. &lt;p&gt;	At the lowest computation there were seven hundred lodges in France before the Revolution, and a very large proportion of them had acknowledged &amp;quot; lodges of adoption &amp;quot; for women. It is impossible from the material published on the subject, however, to form even an approximate estimate of the number of members of either sex belonging to these associations. It was very large, but the claim to a million adherents made by the &amp;quot; Loge de la Candeur &amp;quot; in 1785 is clearly greatly in excess of actual fact. At Bayonne &amp;quot;La Z&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;e,&amp;quot; at Angers the &amp;quot; Tendre Accueil,&amp;quot; at Saint-Malo – 35 - the &amp;quot;Triple Esperance,&amp;quot; at Reims the &amp;quot; Triple Union&amp;quot; at Tours the &amp;quot;Amis de la Vertu&amp;quot; flourished. Poignant satires on credulity were delivered at the &amp;quot; Loge de la Parfaite Intelligence &amp;quot; at Liege to which the Prince Bishop and the greater part of his chapter belonged, and of which all the office-bearers were dignitaries of the Church. The system seems to have permeated every section of French national life. &lt;p&gt;	Pernetti, a Benedictine, librarian of Frederick the Great, had founded a Swedenborgian brotherhood at Avignon, in company with a Polish noble Gabrionka, who by some is supposed to have been Cagliostro, and Pernetti is but an example of dozens of other missionaries. Everywhere gatherings and associations existed, separated by rites and by practices, but united in intention by their common love for and faith in the creed of brotherhood. &lt;p&gt;	One thing only was needed to transform this heterogeneous collection of lodges, sects, and rites into a powerful political lever upon society, and that was a mind which could devise a common course of action or a common political understanding to unite them. Secret idealistic societies had done a wonderful work in fostering - 36 - principles and hopes and ideals, but in order to become effective in action transmutation of some kind was necessary. &lt;p&gt;	Masonic writers have of late made but little allusion to the influence of the German &amp;quot; illuminates &amp;quot; on the French lodges, and are disposed to detract from the reputation of the marvellous organiser Weishaupt, Professor of Canon Law at the University of Ingoldstadt. Barruel, Louis Blanc, and Deschamps unite, however, in regarding him as the most profound of conspirators. Le Couteulx de Canteleu considers the young professor of Ingolstadt as the originator of a remarkable system, of which Von Knigge was the most able missionary. With Weishaupt alone lay the credit not only of realising the cause of the ineffectiveness of societies upon society, but of elaborating an homogeneous scheme which was destined to embrace and eventually absorb all lodges and all rites. He was no free-mason when he invented his design, but in order to study masonic methods he was received as a mason in Munich, where one Zwack, a legal member of the lodge, afterwards one of Weishaupt&amp;#39;s confederates, sold him the ultimate secrets of masonry. Equipped with this knowledge [37] he allied himself with Von Knigge of the &amp;quot;Strict Observance&amp;quot; and caused all his own disciples to become masons. &amp;quot; Every secret engagement is a source of enthusiasm,&amp;quot; said Weishaupt ; &amp;quot;it is useless to seek for the reasons ; the fact exists, that is enough.&amp;quot; In conformity with this belief he recruited the new secret society which he intended should absorb all the others. &lt;p&gt;	In 1776 the order of the Perfectibilists was founded. They began by creating a new world, for they purposed to work independently of existing conditions. They invented their own calendar, with new divisions of time and new names for days and periods ; they took unto themselves the appellations of Greece and Rome. Weishaupt became Spartacus, after the leader of the servile insurrection in the time of Pompey ; Von Knigge became Philo ; Zwack, Cato ; Costanzo, Diomedes ; Nicolai, Lucian. The map of Europe was re-named ; in their correspondence Munich was Athens; Austria Egypt ; and France Illyria. The organisation of the Perfectibilists was designed to enlist all professions and both sexes. It consisted of two large classes, that of &amp;quot;preparations&amp;quot; and that [38] of &amp;quot; mysteries.&amp;quot; In the former there were four grades : novice, minerval, illuminate minor, and illuminate major. In the latter there were also four grades : priest, regent, philosopher, and man-king. There was also a &amp;quot;plant-nursery&amp;quot; for children, and a class in which women were trained to influence men. The associates who possessed the full confidence of Weishaupt were called Areopagites. &lt;p&gt;	The order was designed as the directing instrument of that social revolution which Weishaupt and many others knew to be imminent. France was the country selected for the great experiment, and Weishaupt faced with courage the problem that students of social questions realised in the latter half of the eighteenth century would be the difficulty in any revolution. He saw like them that the future class struggle for survival and supremacy in France would lie between the bourgeoisie and the people, that the nobles would count for nothing in the contest. He knew that the commercial classes were extremely rich, that in so far as the actual administrative work went it was in the hands of the third estate, that in the event of revolution it would become the - 39 - first and perhaps the only power in the country. A consideration of the representative institutions of France before the Revolution convinces us of the fact that the actual people were unrepresented, and moreover that it was unlikely that they would ever have a voice in the management of affairs, unless their claims were enforced by well organised and wide reaching secret societies. Weishaupt&amp;#39;s scheme was intended to prevent the bourgeoisie reaping all the revolutionary harvest. As a disciple of Rousseau he did not favour the establishment of commercial supremacy as a substitute for the old system of autocracy. &amp;quot;Salvation does not lie where shining thrones are defended by swords, where the smoke of the censors ascends to heaven, or where thousands of starving men pace the rich fields of harvest. The revolution which is about to break upon us will be sterile if it is not complete.&amp;quot; He feared that the concessions of kings, and the removal of food taxes, might delude the people into the belief that all was well, and he imparted his fear to his disciples. His object in establishing the Perfectibilists was the literal realisation of Rousseau&amp;#39;s theories. He dreamt of and schemed for a day when the - 40 - abolition of property, social authority, and nationality would be facts, when human beings would return to that happy state in which they form but one family^12  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote12sym&amp;gt;.* Being an ex-Jesuit and acquainted with the organisation of that order, he determined to adapt its system to his own scheme, to make as it were a counter-society of Jesus. All the maxims and rules of Jesuit administration were to be pushed further and applied more rigorously than had been contemplated by their inventors. Passive obedience, universal espionage, and all the dialectic of casuistry were his chosen tools, and so successful was the undertaking that in four years a system of communication and information with every part of Europe had been established. The unseen hands of the society were in all affairs, its ears in the cabinets of princes and cardinals. The Church was regarded unrelentingly as a foe, for the Perfectibilists were the enemies of institutional Christianity, and represented themselves as professors of the purest Christian Socialism. Weishaupt classed the theological and sacerdotal  systems among the worst enemies of man, and in his instructions to his disciples urged that - 41 - they should be contended with as definite evils. And the Church feared him, for did he not declare that men were still slaves because they still knelt ? Did he not command the people to rise from their knees ? Abb&amp;#233; Deschamps, in &amp;quot; Les soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;s secr&amp;#232;tes et la soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;,&amp;quot; expresses his dread of the machinations of so terrible an Order, and points out that &amp;quot;once dechristianised the masses will claim absolute equality and the right to enjoy life ! &amp;quot; &lt;p&gt;	Weishaupt, on the other hand, said: &amp;quot;He who would work for the happiness of the human race, for the contentment and peace of man, for the diminishing of discontent, should examine and then enfeeble the principles which trouble that peace, that content, that happiness. Of this class are all systems which are opposed to the ennobling and perfecting of human nature ; all systems which unnecessarily multiply the evils of the world, and represent them as greater than they really are ; all systems which depreciate the merit and the dignity of man, which diminish his confidence in his own natural forces, which decry human reason, and so open the way for imposture.&amp;quot; &lt;p&gt;	The candidate for the grade of epopt, or - 42 - priest, among the Perfectibilists was, before his initiation into the higher mysteries, introduced into a hall, wherin stood a magnificent dais surmounted by a throne. In front of the throne stood a table laden with jewels, gold coins, a sceptre, crown, and sword. &amp;quot; &amp;quot;Look,&amp;#39; said the epopt chief, &amp;#39; if this crown and sceptre, monuments of human degradation and imbecility, tempt thee ; if thy heart is with them ; if thou wouldst help kings to oppress men, we will place thee as near a throne as thou desirest ; but our sanctuary will be closed to thee, and we shall abandon thee for ever to thy folly. If, on the contrary, thou art willing to devote thyself to making men happy and free, be welcome here. . . . Decide ! &amp;#39; &lt;p&gt;	After decision the would-be initiate had to make a frank and detailed confession of all the actions of his life. Weishaupt thought this a very important preliminary to higher knowledge, because it gave him cognisance of personal secrets which would make betrayal of the order on the part of the novice dangerous and often impossible. The verification of the confession was proceeded with in a dark room, decorated with symbols and emblems of mystery. A - 43 - book called the &amp;quot; Code Scrutateur &amp;quot; was opened, and all the faults of the candidate, his hates, loves, confidences, and fears were read out loud. These had been extracted from the unconscious victim, or from his friends, by the &amp;quot; insinuating brethren,&amp;quot; whose business it was to find out everything about every member of their society. When all this was over a curtain was drawn aside, revealing an altar surmounted by a large crucifix. The candidate was tonsured, vested with sacerdotal garments, and given the red Phrygian cap of the epopt, with these words : &amp;quot;Wear this cap ; it means more than the crown of kings&amp;quot; a prophecy verified by the Revolution. &lt;p&gt;	In the lower grades of Illuminism recruits had no knowledge of such ceremonies. They were allowed to think that they were supporting orthodox Christianity and old authorities, and in this way time was gained for studying the character of recruits, and unsuitable members were weeded out. Later on, as they gradually climbed the ladder of initiation, it was revealed to them that Jesus had come to teach men reasonableness and not superstition, and that His only precepts were love of God and love - 44 - of humanity. Camilla Desmoulins invoked the &amp;quot;Sans-culotte Jesus &amp;quot; during the Revolution, claiming Him as the pattern Socialist. Jesus, the Illuminists said, came to dissipate prejudice, to spread light and wise morality, to show men how to govern themselves. He was the true liberator of man, and the teacher of equality and liberty. &lt;p&gt;	It has been argued with some plausibility that since such harmless and conservative people as the Duke of Sachs-Gotha and Prince August of Sachs-Weimar were illuminates, Louis XVI. and Frederick the Great masons, the secret societies could have had no direct influence on the social upheaval, and therefore are not worthy of the serious consideration of the historian. The study of the organisation of the great secret service reveals the reason of this contention and also its futility. The lower grades of masonry and Illuminism served a double-edged purpose : that of concealing the existence of the higher grades, and that of proving the worthiness of earnest searchers after social regeneration to enter those higher grades. Mystery of any kind always attracts the weak-minded, and Illuminism allured many dupes whom it was necessary to - 45 keep at arm&amp;#39;s length from realities. The existence of serious purpose had also studiously to be concealed from royalties and prelates, for hierarchical religion is dear to all supporters of autocracy. Yet it was politic to lull the suspicions of the conservative and governing classes by admitting them with apparent freedom and joy into the Order. It was a policy of disarmament, and Weishaupt was quite candid as to this, for anything was better for the cause than open enmity. &lt;p&gt;	&amp;quot; If it is to our interest to have the ordinary schools on our side, it is also very important to win over the ecclesiastical seminaries and their superiors ; for in that way we should secure the best part of the country, and disarm the greatest enemies of all innovation ; and what is still better, in winning the ecclesiastics, we should have the people in our hands.&amp;quot; &lt;p&gt;	To many Perfectibilists, illuminism and masonry were but charming social amusements, signifying nothing. The doctrines of social subversion, the creeds and dogmas of sudden death, all seemed but quaint and often crude allegories ; assemblies were but the occasion of [46] fun and feasting ; men played at the comedy of equality with zest and good temper, just because it was all so impossible and unlike life. And may not autocrats like Frederick the Great and the Emperor of Austria have blindly served the enterprise of the people and have assisted in converting their own comedy into tragedy ? &lt;p&gt;	Recruits for the secret service were not difficult to attract. The Lisbon earthquake had unsettled many minds. The theurgists Saint-Germain and Cagliostro flitted hither and thither like brilliant Oriental birds against the neutral background of a Europe at peace but in travail. Eagerly watched and eagerly worshipped, they performed miracles and cures that dazzled the imagination. Their magical shows, displaying sometimes conspicuous charlatanry, amazed the gaping crowds, and served to disguise their primary mission from the Courts and the governing classes. &lt;p&gt;	People of all classes became nervous and disturbed. Suzanne Labrousse of Perigord^13  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote13sym&amp;gt;,* being in chapel, threw herself at the foot of the Crucifix and announced precisely the date of the convocation of the States-General. The Queen - 47 - of Prussia and her waiting-women had seen &amp;quot; the white lady.&amp;quot; Crowds in the market-place of Leipzig awaited the ghost of wonder-working Schroepfer, who had shown Louis XV. in a magic mirror his successor decapitated ; for had he not promised to reappear to his disciples at a given moment after death ? Interpretations of the Apocalypse were published, and it was asserted that yet more ancient prophecies were about to be fulfilled. Men asked themselves as they met in their lodges and their homes, or as they sat round the pool of Mesmer, or consulted Cazotte, &amp;quot; What would be the end thereof?&amp;quot; Great changes were in the air; men felt the fluttering of unseen wings and the breath of unrecognised forces, their expectations kept them restless and eager. &lt;p&gt;	One mind at least in France was able to contemplate with calmness the weaving of strange threads into the texture of society ; and in that mind was clearly reflected the spirit and tendency of the agitated world of action. Undismayed by portent or prophecy, the unknown philosopher meditated as he watched the shuttles darting through the giant loom of the social system, and gazed on that living tissue through [ 48 ] which in the weaving &amp;quot; shimmered unceasingly the irrefragable justice of God. &amp;quot; Saint-Martin^14  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote14sym&amp;gt; had already formulated that ternaire sacr&amp;#233; which many were diligently and in different ways seeking to attain. Men grasped eagerly after the fruit of the travail of his soul and were satisfied. By studying his doctrines their apprehension was quickened and their efforts enhanced and spiritualised. To a great extent he transfused the masonic thought with that faith which makes the movement of mountains no impossibility. The ternaire which proved the miraculous seed-corn of the revolutionary harvest had been scattered by him broadcast over the land to germinate in the furrows of France against the reaping-time. &lt;p&gt;	Meanwhile the ambassadors of Weishaupt surveyed the countries which were to be the stage of the great drama. Long before accredited Illuminist agents were sent to instruct the lodges of the Grand Orient, inaugural work seems to have been undertaken by Cagliostro and Saint-Germain. Weishaupt was too shrewd an organiser to neglect any instrument of advantage, and, estimating justly the credulity of the day, he saw the extreme importance of - 49 - securing such men as the magicians for the furtherance of his purpose. &lt;p&gt;	One of his emissaries, Cagliostro, was known all over Europe as the&amp;quot; &amp;quot; Priest of Mystery,&amp;quot; and nearly every one, however sceptical of his powers, fell before his personal charm. The Perfectibilists annexed him and initiated him into their ritual, as he himself describes, in an underground cave near Frankfort-on-the-Main. At the initiation he learnt that the first blows of the Illuminates would be aimed at France, and that after the fall of that monarchy the Church herself would be assailed. After receiving instructions and money from Weishaupt (a secret which he is said later to have confessed to the Inquisition), he proceeded to Strasburg, and there led a life of philanthropy, giving to the poor his money, to the rich his advice, to the sick his help. He was veritably adored by the people. When he went to Paris in 1781 his elegant house in the Rue Saint Claude was soon besieged by admirers. His portrait was in great request on medallions and fans, and his bust in marble and in bronze figured in the houses of the great with this inscription : &amp;quot;Le divin Cagliostro.&amp;quot; He received his clients in a large room furnished with Oriental – 50 - luxury, which contained the bust of Hippocrates, the &amp;quot; Universal Prayer &amp;quot; of Pope, together with objects of necromantic design and thaumaturgic virtue. His mysterious device L.P.D. (Lilia pedibus destrue) was reputed to be full of sinister meaning for the kings of France. Marie Antoinette was deeply interested in matters and men of this nature. De Rohan entertained her with tales of Cagliostro ; she consulted Saint-Germain, and was one of the visitors who clustered round the mysterious fluid of the hypnotic doctor Mesmer, which was calculated to heal all ills, and who listened to his dictum, &amp;quot; There is but one health, one illness, and one remedy.&amp;quot; Though Mesmer&amp;#39;s experiments were rejected by the French savants of the day as worthless, they were eagerly taken up in other parts of Europe. Mesmer enforced the law of mutual dependence and of unity in the natural world, as Saint-Martin enforced the laws of mutual dependence and of unity in the spiritual world. It might well have been Saint-Martin and not Mesmer who said, &amp;quot;that the life of man is part of the universal movement&amp;quot; for they were both exponents of the truth of the solidarity of the race. &lt;br&gt;- 51 -&lt;br&gt;	The Comte de Saint-Germain, another of Weishaupt&amp;#39;s ambassadors, emerges at intervals upon the surface of affairs a brilliant and accomplished personage, and sinks again to work in the great secret service, or to sit, as tradition has it, upon his golden altar in an attitude of Oriental absorption. Saint-Germain was probably not only the secret missionary and entertainer of Louis XV., but also the agent of masonic and other societies working for the regeneration of humanity ; one life was probably only the cloak for the other. &lt;p&gt;	At the great Convention of Masonry held at Wilhelmsbad in 1782 the Order of the Strict Observance was suspended, and Von Knigge disclosed the scheme of Weishaupt to the assembled representatives of the masonic and mystical fraternities. Then and there disciples of Saint-Martin and of Willermoz, as well as statesmen, scientists, magicians, and magistrates from all countries, were converted to Illuminism. Perfectibilist doctrines percolated everywhere through the lodges of Europe, and when the &amp;quot; Philal&amp;#232;thes,&amp;quot; at the instigation of Mirabeau, became the missionary agents of Illuminism, they preached to already half- - 52 - converted audiences. The fact that Mirabeau had any connection with such schemes has been occasionally denied, partly on account of the bitter pamphlet he launched against Cagliostro and partly because in &amp;quot; La Monarchic Prussienne &amp;quot; he denounced all secret societies and asserted that they should be tolerated by no State. This proves no more than the work which Nicolai produced explaining that secret societies existed for no other purpose than to serve the Stuart cause, when all the while he was founding a club and gaining possession of newspapers, like the &amp;quot; Berlin Journal &amp;quot; and the &amp;quot;Jena Gazette,&amp;quot; to further the views of the initiates. It must be remembered that everything that conduced to the welfare of the society and the furtherance of the mission was justifiable, and that by subterfuges such as these Mirabeau and Nicolai sought to avert suspicion from themselves, and to obtain peace to work with greater efficiency and freedom. Mirabeau, owing to his friendship with Nicolai while in Berlin, is said to have been initiated into the last mysteries of the Perfectibilists at Brunswick. On returning to Paris he, together with Bonneville, introduced the German doctrines at the lodge of the &amp;quot; Amis - 53 - R&amp;#233;unis.&amp;quot;^15  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote15sym&amp;gt;* Among his auditors were the Duke of Orleans, Brissot, Condorcet, Savalette, Gregoire, Garat, Petion, Baboeuf, Barnave, Sieyes, Saint-Just, Camille Desmoulins, Hebert, Santerre, Danton, Marat, Ch&amp;#233;nier, and many other men whose names are immortalised in the annals of the Revolution. The charge of actually disseminating the doctrines throughout France was given to Bode (Aurelius) and Busch (Bayard). So well did the Perfectibilist missionaries work that by 1788 every lodge under the Grand Orient and they numbered in that year 629 is said to have been indoctrinated with the system of Weishaupt. &lt;p&gt;	From the time or the inoculation of the Grand Orient of France with the German doctrines, masonry, from being a simple instrument of tolerance, humanity, and fraternity, acting in a vague and general manner on the sentiments of its adherents, became a direct instrument of social transformation. Plans of the most practical nature were discussed. A scheme for recruiting a citizen army was drawn up, and Savalette de Lange, of the royal household, is said to have been responsible for [54] its execution. At the opening of the Revolution he appeared before the municipal councillors of Paris, followed by a few men crying, &amp;quot; Let us save the country,&amp;quot; thereby exciting no little emulation. &amp;quot;Messieurs,&amp;quot; he said : &lt;br&gt;&amp;quot; Voici des citoyens que j&amp;#39;ai exerces a manier les armes pour la d&amp;#233;fense de la patrie ; je me suis point fait leur majeur ou leur g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral, nous sommes tous &amp;#233;gaux, je suis simplement caporal, mais j&amp;#39;ai donne 1&amp;#39;exemple ; ordonnez que tous les citoyens le suivent, que la nation prenne les armes, et la libert&amp;#233; est invincible.^16  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote16sym&amp;gt;&amp;quot;* &lt;p&gt;	The next day the army of the &amp;quot; gardes nationaux &amp;quot; was formed. Barruel relates that at the outbreak of the Revolution two million hands, holding pikes, torches and hatchets, were ready to serve the cause of humanity, and that this body of zealots had been created by the adepts. Whether this be a true estimate or not, many an arm which was ready in 1789 to strike a blow for liberty had been nerved by the teachings of the secret societies. &lt;p&gt;	Nearly all the masonic and illuminist lodges - 55 - shrank to their smallest esoteric dimensions in 1789, and expanded exoterically as clubs and popular societies. La Loge des Neuf Soeurs, for example, became &amp;quot;La Soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; Nationale des Neuf Soeurs,&amp;quot; a club admitting women. The Grand Orient ceased its direction of affairs. The old theoretical discussions within the lodges as to how the Revolution should be conducted, produced in action the widest divergences, and Jacobins, Girondins, Hebertists, Dantonists, Robespierrists, in consequence destroyed each other. &lt;p&gt;	It has been the habit for so long to regard the Revolution as an undefined catastrophe that it is hardly possible to persuade men that at least some foreknowledge of its course and destination existed in the mind of the Illuminists. When Cagliostro wrote his celebrated letter from England in 1787 predicting for the French people the realisation of the schemes of the secret societies ; foretelling the Revolution and the destruction of the Bastille and monarchy ; the advent of a Prince Egalite, who would abolish lettres de cachet ; the convocation of the States-General ; the destruction of ecclesiasticism and the substitution of the religion of - 56 - Reason; he probably wrote of the things he had heard debated in the lodges of Paris. Prescience might also explain the remark attributed to Mirabeau, &amp;quot; Voil&amp;#224; la victime,&amp;quot; as he indicated the King at the opening of the States-General at Versailles^17  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote17sym&amp;gt;.* Two volumes of addresses, delivered at various lodges by eminent masons, prove how truly the situation had been gauged by Condorcet and Mirabeau. In fantastic phraseology the philosopher announced at Strasbourg that in France the &amp;quot; idolatry of monarchy had received a death-blow from the daughters of the Order of the Templars,&amp;quot; while the states-man uttered in the recesses of the lodge of the &amp;quot; Chevaliers Bienfaisants &amp;quot; in Paris, the levelling principles and liberal ideas which he afterwards thundered from the tribune of the Assembly.^18  &amp;lt;#sdfootnote18sym&amp;gt; The path to the overthrow of religious authority had to a great extent been made smooth by the distribution, through the lodges, of Boulanger&amp;#39;s &amp;quot;Origines du Despotisme Oriental,&amp;quot; in which religion is treated as the engine of the State and the source of despotic power. &amp;quot; Des Erreurs et de la V&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;,&amp;quot; springing as it did out - 57 - of the self-consciousness of the philosopher of the Revolution, represents, more than any other book, the feeling of the mystical aspirants after a reign of brotherhood and love. It became the Talmud of such people and the classic whence they drew their opinions. Religions ? their very diversity condemns them. Governments ? their instability, their foolish ways prove how false is the base on which they rest. All is wrong, especially criminal law, for it upholds the monstrous injustice of not only killing guilt but also repentance. Saint-Martin spoke to eager ears when he spoke thus to men, men willing to believe that man alone has created evil, that God at least must be exonerated from so monstrous a charge, men willing to work for that reign of brotherhood which meant the restoration of man&amp;#39;s lost happiness. A very curious symbol is preserved in the National Library in Paris which illustrates the decline of the sentiment and principle and faith wherein the Revolution originated. It consists of a medal struck under the Convention in which two men regard each other without demonstration of affection, and all around runs the inscription : &amp;quot; Sois mon fr&amp;#232;re ou je te - 58 - tue.&amp;quot; The doctrine of brotherhood can no further go. &lt;p&gt;	After considering presently available materials we must conclude that at the lowest estimate a coordinated working basis of ideas had been established through the agency of the lodges of France ; that thousands of men, unable to form a political opinion or judgment for themselves, had been awakened to a sense of their own responsibility and their own power in furthering the great movement towards a new order of affairs. It remains to the eternal credit of the workers in the great secret service to have elicited a vigorous personal response to the call of great ideals, and to have directed the enthusiasm excited to the welfare, not of individuals, but of society as a whole. The conjectural realm of the inception of political ideas is a morass into which few historians care to venture. Proved paths are lacking, the country is dark and unmapped, and a false step may ruin the reputation of years. It is to be hoped that one day a contribution to the spiritual history of the eighteenth century will be made which will neither ignore the Utopian confederacies nor attribute to them, as is the - 59 - habit of ecclesiastics, influences altogether malign. &lt;p&gt;	At the great Revolution the doctrines of the lodges were at last translated from the silent world of secrecy to the common world of practice ; a few months sufficed to depose ecclesiasticism from its pedestal and monarchy from its throne ; to make the army republican, and the word of Rousseau law. The half-mystical phantasies of the lodges became the habits of daily life. The Phrygian cap of the &amp;quot; illuminate &amp;quot; became the headgear of the populace, and the adoption of the classic appellations used by Spartacus and his Ar&amp;#233;opagites the earnest of good citizenship. Past time was broken with, and a calendar modelled on those in use among the secret confederates became the symbol of the new epoch. The ternaire Liberty, Equality, Fraternity instead of merely adorning the meeting-places of masonic bodies, was stencilled on all the public buildings of France ; and the red banner which had symbolised universal love within the lodges was carried by the ragged battalions of the people on errands of pillage and destruction. &lt;p&gt;	The great subversive work had been silently - 60 - and ruthlessly accomplished in the face of popes and kings. Though the Church spread the report that Illuminates worshipped a devil, and named it Christ, and denounced masonry as the &amp;quot; mystery of iniquity &amp;quot; ; though Saint-Germain and Saint-Martin were decried by the Jesuits; though Cagliostro died in the Inquisitors&amp;#39; prison of Sant Angelo, and Cazotte, Egalite, &lt;br&gt;and many another agent of the secret service were guillotined ; though Weishaupt was persecuted and the German Perfectibilists suppressed ; yet the mine which had been dug under altar and throne was too deep to be filled up by either persecution or calumny. &lt;p&gt;	The true history of the eighteenth century is the history of the aspiration of the human race. In France it was epitomised. The spiritual life of that nation, which was to lift the weight of material oppression from the shoulders of multitudes, had been cherished through dark years by the preachers of Freedom, Equality, and Brotherhood. From the Swedenborgian stronghold of Avignon, from Martinist Lyons, from Narbonne, from Munich, and many another citadel of freedom, there flashed on the grey night of feudalism, unseen - 61 - but to the initiates, the watch-fires of great hope tended by those priests of progress who, though unable to lift the veil that shrouds the destiny of man and the end of worlds, by faith were empowered to dedicate the future to the Unknown God. &lt;br&gt;End of chapter&lt;p&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt;* &amp;quot; Les Sectes et les Societes Secretes.&amp;quot; &lt;p&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt; Memoires Secret de Bachaumont,&amp;quot; vol. i. p. 286&lt;p&gt;3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3anc&amp;gt; Ibid. vol. ii. p. 292.&lt;p&gt;4 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4anc&amp;gt; Ibid. vol. iii. p. 168&lt;p&gt;5 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5anc&amp;gt; At the Loge des Philalethes, Strasbourg, p. 41. Robison.&lt;p&gt;6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6anc&amp;gt; p. 344, vol. iv. Barruel&lt;p&gt;7 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote7anc&amp;gt; &amp;quot;Une Loge Ma&amp;#231;onnique d&amp;#39;avant 1789,&amp;quot; p. II&lt;p&gt;8 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8anc&amp;gt; La Franc-Ma&amp;#231;onnerie, ou r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lations des myst&amp;#232;res des &lt;br&gt;franc-ma&amp;#231;ons.&amp;quot; Par Madame * * *&lt;p&gt;9 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote9anc&amp;gt; Une Loge Ma&amp;#231;onnique d&amp;#39;avant 1789,&amp;quot; p. 29&lt;p&gt;10 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote10anc&amp;gt; November 17, 1780.&lt;p&gt;11 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote11anc&amp;gt; &amp;quot; Une Loge Ma&amp;#231;onnique d&amp;#39;avant 1789,&amp;quot; p. 243.&lt;p&gt;12 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote12anc&amp;gt; Letter of Spartacus to Cato, p, 160. Robison&lt;p&gt;13 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote13anc&amp;gt; En 1784.&lt;p&gt;14 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote14anc&amp;gt; No proof of such a thing in the known papers of &lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin&lt;p&gt;15 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote15anc&amp;gt; Le Couteulx de Canteleu,&amp;quot; p. 168.&lt;p&gt;16 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote16anc&amp;gt; Le Couteulx de Canteleu,&amp;quot; p. 211.&lt;p&gt;17 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote17anc&amp;gt; M&amp;#233;moires de Weber,&amp;quot; vol. i. chap, ix, p. 335&lt;p&gt;18 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote18anc&amp;gt; p. 41. Robison.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-5247179300175714303?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5247179300175714303'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5247179300175714303'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/saint-martin-pasqually-free-mason.html' title='saint-martin pasqually free-mason secret societies french revolution'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-5798639697893502409</id><published>2009-11-04T07:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T07:47:50.035-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Guillotin Guillotine Arras Saint-Vaast</title><content type='html'>*Joseph Ignace Guillotin fut &amp;#171; arrageois &amp;#187;, d&amp;#233;partement du Pas de &lt;br&gt;Calais, pendant les guerres r&amp;#233;volutionnaires.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Pour &amp;#234;tre n&amp;#233; &amp;#224; Saintes en 1738 il ne fut pas, pour autant, et ce malgr&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;les rumeurs persistantes, guillotin&amp;#233; pendant la r&amp;#233;volution, ni apr&amp;#232;s. Il &lt;br&gt;mourut, d&amp;#39;un anthrax, le 26 mars 1814 &amp;#224; Paris.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*S&amp;#39;il est connu du plus grand nombre par SA guillotine, laquelle fut &lt;br&gt;tr&amp;#232;s peu son invention, il a d&amp;#39;autres titres dont ceux de m&amp;#233;decin (&amp;#224; la &lt;br&gt;facult&amp;#233; de m&amp;#233;decine de Paris) et d&amp;#39;homme politique (&amp;#233;lu d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233; du tiers &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;tat en 1789).*&lt;p&gt;*La trace la plus marquante de sa carri&amp;#232;re r&amp;#233;volutionnaire est autant &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;avoir propos&amp;#233; que le nombre de d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233;s du tiers-&amp;#233;tat soit &amp;#233;gal en &lt;br&gt;nombre &amp;#224; ceux des d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233;s de la noblesse et du clerg&amp;#233;, r&amp;#233;unis, que &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;avoir propos&amp;#233; la r&amp;#233;union dans la salle du jeu de paume quand les &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233;s du tiers-&amp;#233;tat trouvent leur salle ferm&amp;#233;e le 19 juin 1789.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*L&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t que nous portons &amp;#224; Guillotin commence en 1784, quand ces &lt;br&gt;messieurs de l&amp;#39;acad&amp;#233;mie de m&amp;#233;decine doivent rendre leur avis au roi sur &lt;br&gt;les pratiques de Mesmer.*&lt;p&gt;*Le magn&amp;#233;tisme animal est condamn&amp;#233;, par Guillotin, Bailly... au titre &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;immoralit&amp;#233; publique!*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Guillotin sera le m&amp;#233;decin personnel du comte de Provence futur Louis &lt;br&gt;XVIII, fr&amp;#232;re du roi pendant un an.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Il se marie &amp;#224; 49 ans avec &amp;#201;lise Saugrain.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Dans les r&amp;#233;formes propos&amp;#233;es par les d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233;s, la peine de mort et la &lt;br&gt;technique de la peine de mort avaient leur cahier des charges !*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*En premier, la technique varie selon le rang des personnes et leurs &lt;br&gt;finances.*&lt;p&gt;*Le noble est d&amp;#233;capit&amp;#233; &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;p&amp;#233;e ; le roturier est d&amp;#233;capit&amp;#233; &amp;#224; la hache, &lt;br&gt;il n&amp;#39;est pas rare que l&amp;#39;on ne s&amp;#39;y reprenne en plusieurs fois, ni que la &lt;br&gt;hache ne soit &amp;#233;mouss&amp;#233;e parce qu&amp;#39;il fallait bien payer le r&amp;#233;mouleur... &lt;br&gt;pour qu&amp;#39;il vous fasse le fil tranchant !*&lt;p&gt;*L&amp;#39;h&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;tique est br&amp;#251;l&amp;#233; ; le voleur rou&amp;#233; de coups sur la roue, ou pendu ; &lt;br&gt;le r&amp;#233;gicide &amp;#233;cartel&amp;#233;. *&lt;p&gt;*Rien que de petites choses qui distrayaient le badaud badaudant en &lt;br&gt;badauderie. *&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*La discussion des d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233;s, Mirabeau, Guillotin, …, porta sur l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;galit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;des peines en fonction des crimes et sur une technique qui permette &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;viter les souffrances inutiles. *&lt;p&gt;*L&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;galit&amp;#233; enclenche l&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;une machine &amp;#224; tuer, cette machine &lt;br&gt;existe d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224;. Elle ne s&amp;#39;appelle pas, alors, la guillotine !*&lt;p&gt;*Comment situer l&amp;#39;objet dans le temps ?*&lt;p&gt;*Les romains, f&amp;#233;rus d&amp;#39;objets &amp;#224; trucider, l&amp;#39;auraient utilis&amp;#233;e.*&lt;p&gt;*Les g&amp;#233;nois l&amp;#39;auraient utilis&amp;#233;e vers 1507. *&lt;p&gt;*Elle se serait faite appeler Mannaja, Maiden, Halifax Gibbet...*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*D&amp;#39;o&amp;#249; leur vint cette id&amp;#233;e tr&amp;#232;s humaine?*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Il semble bien que Guillotin, humaniste, soucieux de la souffrance des &lt;br&gt;condamn&amp;#233;s..., ait lui comme d&amp;#39;autres raisonn&amp;#233; de ce raisonnement qui &lt;br&gt;conduit in&amp;#233;luctablement &amp;#224; une &amp;#171; Terreur &amp;#187;, une &amp;#171; dictature &amp;#187;, une &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;tyrannie &amp;#187; ...*&lt;p&gt;*Ouvrons ici la parenth&amp;#232;se de ce raisonnement et suivons ledit &lt;br&gt;raisonnement dans sa simplicit&amp;#233;:*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*_L&amp;#39;objectif _: atteindre au bonheur*&lt;p&gt;*(le bonheur est consid&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; comme une norme de l&amp;#39;existence.)*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;_*Le moyen:*_&lt;p&gt;*le groupe, le pouvoir du groupe*&lt;p&gt;*(le groupe est cens&amp;#233; repr&amp;#233;senter la collectivit&amp;#233;, l&amp;#39;ensemble de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;),*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*_La pr&amp;#233;misse_ suppose que le bien est collectif. *&lt;p&gt;*[la pr&amp;#233;misse est la proposition faite au d&amp;#233;but du raisonnement, on en &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;duit des cons&amp;#233;quences ou des conclusions, elle est rarement d&amp;#233;montr&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;parce qu&amp;#39;elle est accept&amp;#233;e comme &amp;#233;vidence (la pr&amp;#233;misse a un sens pr&amp;#233;cis &lt;br&gt;en logique, deux pr&amp;#233;misses permettent de conclure un syllogisme; tout &lt;br&gt;syllogisme vrai ob&amp;#233;it &amp;#224; des r&amp;#232;gles pr&amp;#233;cises de fonctionnement)],*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*De l&amp;#224;, nos humanistes, ici Robespierre en t&amp;#234;te, mettent en place un &lt;br&gt;syst&amp;#232;me qui conduit &amp;#171; le groupe &amp;#187; (en fait, un groupe parmi d&amp;#39;autres &lt;br&gt;groupe) &amp;#224; prendre le pouvoir et &amp;#224; donner &amp;#224; la collectivit&amp;#233; (en fait une &lt;br&gt;collectivit&amp;#233; parmi d&amp;#39;autres collectivit&amp;#233;s) la capacit&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre heureuse.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Ce premier raisonnement est suivi d&amp;#39;un deuxi&amp;#232;me:*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Le raisonnement suivant consiste &amp;#224; chercher une cause ou des causes au &lt;br&gt;malheur de la collectivit&amp;#233; : pendant la r&amp;#233;volution la r&amp;#233;ponse est &lt;br&gt;simple, les nobles, le clerg&amp;#233;.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*De tels raisonnements ne r&amp;#233;pondent pas aux principes de l&amp;#39;ordre &lt;br&gt;naturel, lequel repose sur une possibilit&amp;#233; simple: je dois survivre pour &lt;br&gt;assurer la survie de mon groupe. Quand mon groupe est en survie, comme &lt;br&gt;moi, je peux passer au stade suivant, lui assurer un confort de vie. Si &lt;br&gt;ce groupe est en confort de vie et g&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;re des surplus, il est &lt;br&gt;int&amp;#233;ressant de les partager avec d&amp;#39;autres groupes qui n&amp;#39;ont pas encore &lt;br&gt;atteint le stade de la survie ou le stade du confort de vie et &lt;br&gt;pourraient d&amp;#233;sirer &amp;#171; piller &amp;#187; les biens de mon groupe.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Que puis-je offrir &amp;#224; un homme en &amp;#233;tat de besoin ?*&lt;p&gt;*Mon temps, mes connaissances, mes capacit&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; lui apprendre les &lt;br&gt;techniques n&amp;#233;cessaires pour qu&amp;#39;il devienne autonome face &amp;#224; ses besoins. *&lt;p&gt;*(donner un poisson, apprendre &amp;#224; p&amp;#233;cher, s&amp;#39;assurer qu&amp;#39;il y a du poisson &lt;br&gt;en quantit&amp;#233; n&amp;#233;cessaire et suffisante...)*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Se fixer comme id&amp;#233;al le bonheur des hommes, le progr&amp;#232;s de l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;, &lt;br&gt;sans poser la borne de l&amp;#39;autonomie, s&amp;#39;est enclencher une dynamique de la &lt;br&gt;Terreur.*&lt;p&gt;*Se fixer un objectif de partage constitue une illusion tant que le &lt;br&gt;moyen du partage n&amp;#39;est pas possible.*&lt;p&gt;*Pour faire simple et concret: il est possible de partager des &lt;br&gt;connaissances avec ceux qui se donnent les moyens de les acqu&amp;#233;rir, et &lt;br&gt;qui ont &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; pr&amp;#233;par&amp;#233;s pour acqu&amp;#233;rir (et utiliser) des connaissances.*&lt;p&gt;*Ainsi, je partage, librement, le temps dont je peux disposer; les &lt;br&gt;connaissances qui m&amp;#39;appartiennent ou les moyens de les acqu&amp;#233;rir.*&lt;p&gt;*Si je veux faire plus, il me faut plus de temps, des jours de 24 heures &lt;br&gt;rel&amp;#232;vent de l&amp;#39;ordre naturel.*&lt;p&gt;*Si je veux faire plus, il me faut plus de connaissances, je reconnais &lt;br&gt;des limites &amp;#224; mes capacit&amp;#233;s!*&lt;p&gt;*Si je veux partager la production de mon jardin, il me faut &amp;#234;tre en &lt;br&gt;surplus et assurer une capacit&amp;#233; &amp;#224; maintenir cette production!*&lt;p&gt;*Nous trouvons rapidement &amp;#224; nos d&amp;#233;marches &amp;#171; charitables &amp;#187; des limites.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Revenons apr&amp;#232;s cette digression pour comprendre la marche des &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;volutionnaires, hommes des lumi&amp;#232;res, philosophes, amants de la Raison, &lt;br&gt;…, &amp;#224; notre guillotine.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Celui qui a pr&amp;#233;par&amp;#233; sa mise activit&amp;#233; s&amp;#39;appelle Antoine Louis, &lt;br&gt;secr&amp;#233;taire de l&amp;#39;acad&amp;#233;mie de chirurgie.*&lt;p&gt;*Puys&amp;#233;gur nous rappelle que sa premi&amp;#232;re utilisation en France fut sur &lt;br&gt;Henri II de Montmorency, mar&amp;#233;chal de France, &amp;#224; Toulouse en octobre 1632.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Guillotin qui avait &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; arr&amp;#234;t&amp;#233; pendant la terreur retourne &amp;#224; la libert&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;apr&amp;#232;s la chute de Robespierre.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*En 1794, il sert &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;Arm&amp;#233;e du Nord, il est en poste &amp;#224; Arras et tient &lt;br&gt;son office dans l&amp;#39;abbaye Saint-Vaast d&amp;#39;Arras*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; sa mort, notre humaniste se consacre &amp;#224; la m&amp;#233;decine, il vaccine &lt;br&gt;contre la variole, il est charg&amp;#233; par le Consulat de mettre en place un &lt;br&gt;programme de sant&amp;#233; publique, il est surtout le fondateur de la Soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;des premiers m&amp;#233;decins de Paris, anc&amp;#234;tre de notre Acad&amp;#233;mie de m&amp;#233;decine.*&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-5798639697893502409?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5798639697893502409'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5798639697893502409'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/guillotin-guillotine-arras-saint-vaast.html' title='Guillotin Guillotine Arras Saint-Vaast'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-4981347338846762994</id><published>2009-11-02T07:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T01:22:06.446-08:00</updated><title type='text'>cazotte diable amoureux Martinès Nerval illuminés reine pédauque</title><content type='html'>le martinisme selon augustin thierry&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;    &amp;quot;C&amp;#39;est le syst&amp;#232;me mystico-philosophique de Martinez Pasqualis, &lt;br&gt;repris et modifi&amp;#233; plus tard par son disciple Saint-Martin, le &lt;br&gt;/philosophe inconnu/, Martinez pr&amp;#233;tendait trouver dans la Cabale juive &lt;br&gt;la science r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;latrice de Dieu et des intelligences cr&amp;#233;&amp;#233;es par lui. &lt;br&gt;D&amp;#39;accord sur certains points avec la tradition chr&amp;#233;tienne, il s&amp;#39;en &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#233;parait par la croyance &amp;#224; un &amp;#233;tat &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;mentaire de la nature avant la &lt;br&gt;cr&amp;#233;ation divine. Cazotte, raconte G&amp;#233;rard de Nerval, dans la belle &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#233;face qu&amp;#39;il a consacr&amp;#233;e &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;auteur du Diable amoureux, venait de &lt;br&gt;publier ce dernier ouvrage, lorsqu&amp;#39;il re&amp;#231;ut la visite d&amp;#39;un myst&amp;#233;rieux &lt;br&gt;inconnu, qui lui reprocha d&amp;#39;avoir r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;l&amp;#233; le secret des initi&amp;#233;s et lui &lt;br&gt;conseilla de s&amp;#39;abstenir d&amp;#233;sormais de pareilles divulgations. Pour &lt;br&gt;innocent qu&amp;#39;il fut, le pauvre Cazotte dut &amp;#234;tre d&amp;#39;autant plus port&amp;#233; &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;parer la faute qui lui &amp;#233;tait attribu&amp;#233;e, que ce n&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait pas alors peu &lt;br&gt;de chose que d&amp;#39;encourir la haine des Illumin&amp;#233;s, nombreux, puissants et &lt;br&gt;divis&amp;#233;s en une foule de sectes, soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;s et loges ma&amp;#231;onniques qui se &lt;br&gt;correspondaient d&amp;#39;un bout &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;autre du royaume. Accus&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;avoir r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;l&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;aux profanes les myst&amp;#232;res de l&amp;#39;initiation, il s&amp;#39;exposait au m&amp;#234;me sort &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;avait subi l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; de Villars qui, dans /le Comte de Gabalis/, s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait &lt;br&gt;permis de livrer &amp;#224; la curiosit&amp;#233; publique, sous une forme demi s&amp;#233;rieuse, &lt;br&gt;toute la doctrine des rose-croix sur le monde des esprits. L&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; fut un &lt;br&gt;jour trouv&amp;#233; assassin&amp;#233; sur la route de Lyon et l&amp;#39;on ne put qu&amp;#39;accuser les &lt;br&gt;sylphes ou les gnomes de cette exp&amp;#233;dition. On sait que cet &amp;#233;pisode a &lt;br&gt;fourni &amp;#224; M. Anatole France le d&amp;#233;nouement de /la R&amp;#244;tisserie de la reine &lt;br&gt;P&amp;#233;dauque.  &amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;/&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-4981347338846762994?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4981347338846762994'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4981347338846762994'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/cazotte-diable-amoureux-martines-nerval.html' title='cazotte diable amoureux Martinès Nerval illuminés reine pédauque'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-4421482720355077886</id><published>2009-11-01T08:35:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T00:38:41.928-08:00</updated><title type='text'>couleurs symbolique Portal</title><content type='html'>*SYMBOLIQUE DES COULEURS.&lt;br&gt;Selon PORTAL&lt;br&gt;*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Au Moyen-&amp;#226;ge comme dans l&amp;#39;antiquit&amp;#233;, le choix de telle ou telle nuance &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait pas l&amp;#39;effet d&amp;#39;un caprice; chaque couleur avait une signification &lt;br&gt;aussi tranch&amp;#233;e qu&amp;#39;&amp;#233;nergique pour s&amp;#39;en convaincre, il suffit de lire &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;ouvrage &amp;#233;crit /ex professo /sur la Symbolique des couleurs par M. &lt;br&gt;Fr&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;ric Portal. Son livre, dont on ne saurait trop louer l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;rudition et &lt;br&gt;les aper&amp;#231;us de haute philosophie, ressuscite cette langue primitive et &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;veloppe avec bonheur ses principes &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;mentaires. Gr&amp;#226;ce &amp;#224; cette &lt;br&gt;nouvelle voie d&amp;#39;investigation dans l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tude des monuments et des &lt;br&gt;peintures antiques, il est permis d&amp;#39;atteindre au-del&amp;#224; des st&amp;#233;riles &lt;br&gt;appr&amp;#233;ciations de forme et de coloris; sous l&amp;#39;enveloppe mat&amp;#233;rielle et &lt;br&gt;morte, l&amp;#39;oeil de l&amp;#39;esprit d&amp;#233;couvre la pens&amp;#233;e vivante exprim&amp;#233;e par le &lt;br&gt;symbole.&lt;p&gt;Avant d&amp;#39;aborder les d&amp;#233;tails, il est n&amp;#233;cessaire d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tablir quelques &lt;br&gt;principes g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;raux sans lesquels il nous serait malais&amp;#233; de nous faire &lt;br&gt;comprendre.&lt;p&gt;Les couleurs eurent la m&amp;#234;me signification chez tous les peuples de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;antiquit&amp;#233;, et l&amp;#39;histoire de ces m&amp;#234;mes peuples d&amp;#233;montre que toutes les &lt;br&gt;religions doivent parcourir et parcourent en effet trois phases &lt;br&gt;successives : /La /premi&amp;#232;re o&amp;#249; la divinit&amp;#233; se manifeste &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;homme sans &lt;br&gt;aucun alliage de superstition, &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tat de compl&amp;#232;te puret&amp;#233;; la seconde &lt;br&gt;o&amp;#249; le culte est forc&amp;#233; de recourir &amp;#224; la majest&amp;#233; des temples et &amp;#224; la pompe &lt;br&gt;des c&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;monies pour rev&amp;#234;tir une forme sensible aux yeux des nations &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;environnent d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224; les t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres ; enfin la troisi&amp;#232;me, o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;homme arriv&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;au dernier degr&amp;#233; de l&amp;#39;abrutissement se m&amp;#233;prend sur la valeur du symbole &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;il divinise. De l&amp;#224; dans la symbolique, trois langues^1 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt; bien distinctes :&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;La /*langue divine*// /s&amp;#39;adresse d&amp;#39;abord &amp;#224; tous les hommes et leur &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;v&amp;#232;le l&amp;#39;existence de Dieu. La symbolique est la langue de tous les &lt;br&gt;peuples, comme la religion la propri&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; de chaque famille. Le sacerdoce &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;existe pas encore; chaque p&amp;#232;re de famille est roi et pontife.&lt;p&gt;La /*langue sacr&amp;#233;e*// /prend naissance dans les sanctuaires. Elle r&amp;#232;gle &lt;br&gt;la symbolique de l&amp;#39;architecture, de la statuaire et de la peinture, &lt;br&gt;comme les c&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;monies du culte et les costumes des pr&amp;#234;tres : cette &lt;br&gt;premi&amp;#232;re mat&amp;#233;rialisation emprisonne la langue divine sous des voiles &lt;br&gt;imp&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;trables.&lt;p&gt;C&amp;#39;est alors que la /*langue profane*// /s&amp;#39;empare de l&amp;#39;expression &lt;br&gt;mat&amp;#233;rielle des symboles ; les nations livr&amp;#233;es &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;idol&amp;#226;trie ne savent &lt;br&gt;plus remonter jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; Dieu au-del&amp;#224; du symbole ou de l&amp;#39;image grossi&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;qui leur frappe la vue.&lt;p&gt;La couleur fut le premier moyen de transmettre la pens&amp;#233;e et d&amp;#39;en &lt;br&gt;conserver la m&amp;#233;moire. Les Quipos du P&amp;#233;rou et les Cardelettes de la &lt;br&gt;Chine, teintes de/ /diverses nuances, formaient les archives de ces &lt;br&gt;peuples enfants. Les couleurs jouent un r&amp;#244;le encore plus important dans &lt;br&gt;les peintures mexicaines. Mais cette &amp;#233;criture symbolique arriva dans les &lt;br&gt;hi&amp;#233;roglyphes &amp;#233;gyptiens &amp;#224; son plus haut degr&amp;#233; de perfection. Vint aussi &lt;br&gt;la d&amp;#233;gradation n&amp;#233;cessaire ; la langue sacr&amp;#233;e tomba dans l&amp;#39;oubli et la &lt;br&gt;langue profane , dernier reflet de ce brillant langage, popularise les &lt;br&gt;symboles en les mat&amp;#233;rialisant.&lt;p&gt;Si nous envisageons l&amp;#39;&amp;#232;re chr&amp;#233;tienne, nous ne voyons pas sans surprise &lt;br&gt;les vitraux de nos cath&amp;#233;drales proc&amp;#233;der de la m&amp;#234;me mani&amp;#232;re que les &lt;br&gt;peintures &amp;#233;gyptiennes; m&amp;#234;mes couleurs exprimant m&amp;#234;mes symboles &amp;#224; double &lt;br&gt;signification, l&amp;#39;une mystique et l&amp;#39;autre populaire. Quand vient la &lt;br&gt;renaissance, le g&amp;#233;nie symbolique s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;teint ; la peinture n&amp;#39;est plus la &lt;br&gt;na&amp;#239;ve expression du dogme sacr&amp;#233;, elle se fait le superbe interpr&amp;#232;te de &lt;br&gt;toutes les passions humaines. La symbolique bannie de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise se &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;fugie &amp;#224; la cour, et l&amp;#224; se r&amp;#233;veille avec une nouvelle splendeur sur les &lt;br&gt;chevaleresques armoiries. Le blason perp&amp;#233;tue dans les familles le &lt;br&gt;glorieux [50] souvenir des actions d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;clat, mais le plus souvent la &lt;br&gt;signification primitive est m&amp;#233;connue et faussement appliqu&amp;#233;e^2 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt;. A l&amp;#39;&amp;#232;re aristocratique succ&amp;#232;de la galanterie /des &lt;br&gt;/Maures, et leur mysticisme amoureux donne naissance &amp;#224; la langue &lt;br&gt;symbolique, telle qu&amp;#39;elle s&amp;#39;est conserv&amp;#233;e jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; nos jours; les d&amp;#233;bris, &lt;br&gt;tout d&amp;#233;figur&amp;#233;s qu&amp;#39;ils sont, attestent encore sa haute origine ; mais &lt;br&gt;c&amp;#39;est une derni&amp;#232;re lueur qui s&amp;#39;obscurcit de plus en plus, si bien que &lt;br&gt;les peintres modernes qui en ont recueilli &amp;#224; peine quelques traditions, &lt;br&gt;la plupart ne sauraient dire pourquoi saint Jean porte une robe verte, &lt;br&gt;le Christ et la Vierge des draperies rouges et bleues, et Dieu des &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#234;tements blancs comme la neige.&lt;p&gt;D&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s la symbolique, deux principes donnent naissance &amp;#224; toutes les &lt;br&gt;couleurs, la lumi&amp;#232;re et les t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres, le blanc et le noir. La lumi&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;existe que par le feu dont le symbole est le rouge. Partant de cette &lt;br&gt;base, la symbolique n&amp;#39;admet que deux couleurs primitives : le rouge et &lt;br&gt;le blanc. Le noir, n&amp;#233;gation des couleurs, fut attribu&amp;#233; &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;esprit des &lt;br&gt;t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres.&lt;p&gt;Le rouge est le symbole de l&amp;#39;amour divin; le blanc, le symbole de la &lt;br&gt;divine sagesse. Les couleurs secondaires ne sont autre chose que les &lt;br&gt;diverses combinaisons des deux principes : amour et sagesse.&lt;p&gt;Une particularit&amp;#233; importante &amp;#224; noter, c&amp;#39;est que la symbolique &lt;br&gt;consid&amp;#233;rant les couleurs au point de vue mystique, id&amp;#233;al, les associe, &lt;br&gt;non pas d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s le r&amp;#233;sultat mat&amp;#233;riel, mais d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s leur signification &lt;br&gt;embl&amp;#233;matique. Voil&amp;#224; comme, exprimant par le jaune la r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lation de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;amour et de la sagesse de Dieu, elle fait &amp;#233;maner cette couleur du &lt;br&gt;rouge et du blanc, bien que l&amp;#39;exp&amp;#233;rience d&amp;#233;montre le contraire.&lt;p&gt;Le bleu &amp;#233;mane de m&amp;#234;me du rouge et du blanc ; il d&amp;#233;signe la sagesse &lt;br&gt;divine manifest&amp;#233;e par la vie, par l&amp;#39;esprit ou le souffle de Dieu ; il &lt;br&gt;est le symbole de l&amp;#39;esprit de v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Le vert form&amp;#233; par l&amp;#39;union du jaune et du bleu, indique la manifestation &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;amour et de la sagesse dans l&amp;#39;acte ; c&amp;#39;est le symbole de la charit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Telle est la signification des cinq couleurs primordiales dont deux &lt;br&gt;seulement sont &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;mentaires: La r&amp;#232;gle de leurs combinaisons ne sera pas &lt;br&gt;difficile &amp;#224; saisir. Les teintes secondaires re&amp;#231;oivent leur signification &lt;br&gt;des couleurs qui les composent ; celle qui domine donne &amp;#224; la nuance sa &lt;br&gt;signification g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rale, et celle qui est domin&amp;#233;e la modifie. Ainsi, le &lt;br&gt;pourpre qui est d&amp;#39;un rouge azur&amp;#233; signifie l&amp;#39;amour de la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;, et &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;hyacinthe qui est d&amp;#39;un bleu pourpr&amp;#233; repr&amp;#233;sente la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; de l&amp;#39;amour.&lt;p&gt;Il est une autre r&amp;#232;gle qui pr&amp;#234;te &amp;#224; la langue symbolique une &amp;#233;nergie &lt;br&gt;inconnue aux langues vulgaires, c&amp;#39;est la r&amp;#232;gle des oppositions. Le noir &lt;br&gt;uni aux autres couleurs leur donne une signification toute contraire. &lt;br&gt;Symbole du mal et du faux, cette couleur devient la n&amp;#233;gation de toutes &lt;br&gt;les nuances auxquelles on la m&amp;#233;lange ; *ainsi le rouge (amour divin), &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#234;l&amp;#233; de noir, exprime l&amp;#39;amour infernal, l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;go&amp;#239;sme , la haine, enfin &lt;br&gt;toutes les passions de l&amp;#39;homme d&amp;#233;grad&amp;#233;.*&lt;p&gt;* *Ces principes, dont on ne peut s&amp;#39;emp&amp;#234;cher d&amp;#39;admirer le m&amp;#233;canisme &lt;br&gt;aussi simple qu&amp;#39;ing&amp;#233;nieux, vous conduirait &amp;#224; trouver sans peine le sens &lt;br&gt;exprim&amp;#233; par les autres nuances admises dans le catalogue symbolique.&lt;p&gt;Revenons aux deux couleurs primitives pour les consid&amp;#233;rer dans les trois &lt;br&gt;langues divine, sacr&amp;#233;e et profane.&lt;p&gt;*DU BLANC*.&lt;p&gt;/* Langue divine*. /Le blanc, unit&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;o&amp;#249; &amp;#233;manent les couleurs &lt;br&gt;primitives, est le symbole de Dieu, unit&amp;#233; qui embrasse l&amp;#39;univers. Les &lt;br&gt;proph&amp;#232;tes, dans leur langage toujours symbolique, voient la Divinit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;rev&amp;#234;tue d&amp;#39;un manteau blanc comme la neige. Dans toutes les religions de &lt;br&gt;la terre &amp;#224; la couleur blanche se rattache la m&amp;#234;me id&amp;#233;e. Le dieu Pan est &lt;br&gt;aussi blanc que la neige; Osiris a des bandelettes &amp;#233;tincelantes de &lt;br&gt;blancheur ; Jupiter est v&amp;#234;tu de blanc, et lorsque J&amp;#233;sus-Christ se &lt;br&gt;transfigure sur le Thabor, ses v&amp;#234;tements sont blancs /comme la neige. &lt;br&gt;/Cette couleur exprime aussi la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; absolue.&lt;p&gt;/ *Langue sacr&amp;#233;e*. /Le sacerdoce repr&amp;#233;sente Dieu sur la terre, et dans &lt;br&gt;toutes les religions le souverain pontife porte des v&amp;#234;tements blancs, &lt;br&gt;symbole de la lumi&amp;#232;re incr&amp;#233;&amp;#233;e. J&amp;#233;hovah ordonne &amp;#224; Aaron de n&amp;#39;entrer dans &lt;br&gt;le sanctuaire que v&amp;#234;tu de blanc. Les brahmes,les mages, les parsis, les &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#234;tres &amp;#233;gyptiens,romains,scandinaves, celtes et germains, adopt&amp;#232;rent le &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#234;me costume. Dans la langue sacr&amp;#233;e de la Bible, les v&amp;#234;tements blancs &lt;br&gt;signifient la r&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ration des &amp;#226;mes et la r&amp;#233;compense des &amp;#233;lus. Partout, &lt;br&gt;et dans tous les temps on a enseveli les morts d&amp;#39;un linceul blanc, &lt;br&gt;symbole du triomphe de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me sur l&amp;#39;empire des t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres. Au Japon, quand &lt;br&gt;une femme se marie, elle est cens&amp;#233;e mourir pour revivre dans son &amp;#233;poux; &lt;br&gt;aussi elle porte la robe mortuaire blanche et son lit est dispos&amp;#233; comme &lt;br&gt;pour les morts. Triste c&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;monie qui semble dire aux parents : vous &lt;br&gt;venez de perdre votre fille.&lt;p&gt;/*Langue profane*. /Les Romains notaient les jours heureux avec de la &lt;br&gt;craie, et dans le langue grecque, /leukos, /blanc, signifie encore &lt;br&gt;heureux, agr&amp;#233;able, gai. Les Maures d&amp;#233;signaient par cet embl&amp;#232;me la &lt;br&gt;puret&amp;#233;, la sinc&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;, l&amp;#39;innocence, la candeur. Nous tenons, dit en &lt;br&gt;France un auteur h&amp;#233;raldique, la blancheur de nos lis pour un symbole de &lt;br&gt;puret&amp;#233; aussi bien que de franchise. Enfin le blanc, dont le symbole se &lt;br&gt;modifie d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s l&amp;#39;objet ou la personne auxquels on l&amp;#39;applique. peut &lt;br&gt;exprimer un grand nombre d&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;es ; adress&amp;#233; &amp;#224; la/ /femme, il^- veut dire &lt;br&gt;chastet&amp;#233; ; &amp;#224; la jeune fille, virginit&amp;#233;; au juge, int&amp;#233;grit&amp;#233; ; au riche, &lt;br&gt;humilit&amp;#233;; au pr&amp;#234;tre, sagesse ; &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;accus&amp;#233;, innocence, etc.&lt;p&gt;[51]&lt;p&gt;*DU JAUNE.*&lt;p&gt;/* Langue divine*. /La chaleur et l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;clat du soleil d&amp;#233;signent l&amp;#39;amour de &lt;br&gt;Dieu qui anime le coeur, et la sagesse qui &amp;#233;claire l&amp;#39;intelligence. Le &lt;br&gt;jaune dor&amp;#233; exprime &amp;#224; lui seul les deux symboles du rouge et du blanc &lt;br&gt;amour divin, sagesse divine ; mais il y joint un caract&amp;#232;re de &lt;br&gt;manifestation et de r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lation. Le soleil, l&amp;#39;or et le jaune, dans la &lt;br&gt;langue symbolique, sont analogues, mais non pas synonymes; ils marquent &lt;br&gt;diff&amp;#233;rents degr&amp;#233;s. Le/ /soleil naturel &amp;#233;tait l&amp;#39;image du soleil &lt;br&gt;spirituel, l&amp;#39;or figurait le soleil naturel, et le jaune &amp;#233;tait l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;or. Ce n&amp;#39;est pas sans surprise que nous voyons dans la religion &lt;br&gt;chr&amp;#233;tienne , comme dans toutes les religions antiques, le dogme divin se &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;ler par des symboles; d&amp;#39;o&amp;#249; r&amp;#233;sulte une parfaite identit&amp;#233; de/ &lt;br&gt;/croyances. Unit&amp;#233; sublime! qui, loin de/ /d&amp;#233;poser contre le &lt;br&gt;christianisme, prouve au contraire qu&amp;#39;il r&amp;#233;sume en lui l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ment &lt;br&gt;imp&amp;#233;rissable de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ternelle v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;/ *Langue sacr&amp;#233;e*. /L&amp;#39;or et le jaune re&amp;#231;urent dans la langue sacr&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;acception particuli&amp;#232;re de r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lation faite par le pr&amp;#234;tre, ou de &lt;br&gt;doctrine religieuse enseign&amp;#233;e dans tes temples. Par ce m&amp;#233;tal et par &lt;br&gt;cette couleur on repr&amp;#233;sentait encore l&amp;#39;initiation aux myst&amp;#232;res, ou la &lt;br&gt;lumi&amp;#232;re r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;e aux profanes. Cette signification se retrouve d&amp;#232;s la &lt;br&gt;plus haute antiquit&amp;#233; les pommes d&amp;#39;or du jardin des Hesp&amp;#233;rides ne &lt;br&gt;sont-elles pas les fruits de l&amp;#39;intelligence qui naissent de l&amp;#39;amour de &lt;br&gt;Dieu ? Saint Pierre, comme chef de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise, fut rev&amp;#234;tu d&amp;#39;une robe &lt;br&gt;jaune, symbole de la foi. Les aliments de couleur jaune h&amp;#233;rit&amp;#232;rent du &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#234;me privil&amp;#232;ge; les g&amp;#226;teaux de miel offerts dans les sacrifices &amp;#233;taient &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me de l&amp;#39;amour et de la sagesse de Dieu dont les justes font leur &lt;br&gt;nourriture. Par opposition, le soufre devint l&amp;#39;image &amp;#233;nergique des &lt;br&gt;passions d&amp;#233;prav&amp;#233;es qui consument le coeur des impies.&lt;p&gt;/*Langue profane*. /Les langues divine et sacr&amp;#233;e d&amp;#233;signaient par l&amp;#39;or et &lt;br&gt;le jaune l&amp;#39;union de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me avec Dieu, et par opposition, l&amp;#39;adult&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;spirituel. Dans la langue profane , cet embl&amp;#232;me mat&amp;#233;rialis&amp;#233; repr&amp;#233;sente &lt;br&gt;tant&amp;#244;t l&amp;#39;amour l&amp;#233;gitime, tant&amp;#244;t l&amp;#39;adult&amp;#232;re charnel. Chez les Maures, le &lt;br&gt;jaune dor&amp;#233; signifiait sage et bon conseil; le jaune p&amp;#226;le, trahison et &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;ception. Dans le blason l&amp;#39;or &amp;#233;tait l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me de l&amp;#39;amour, de la &lt;br&gt;constance, de la sagesse, et par opposition, le jaune d&amp;#233;note encore de &lt;br&gt;nos jours inconstance, jalousie, infid&amp;#233;lit&amp;#233;. — En France, on &lt;br&gt;barbouillait de jaune la porte des tra&amp;#238;tres.&lt;p&gt;*DU ROUGE.*&lt;p&gt;/* Langue divine*//. /Le blanc est le symbole de Dieu, l&amp;#39;or et le jaune &lt;br&gt;indiquent le verbe ou la r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lation ; le rouge et le bleu, la &lt;br&gt;sanctification ou le Saint-Esprit./ /Le rouge, pris isol&amp;#233;ment, est le &lt;br&gt;symbole du bapt&amp;#234;me de feu et d&amp;#39;esprit ; mais l&amp;#224; se r&amp;#233;v&amp;#232;le dans toutes &lt;br&gt;les cosmogonies une triade divine dont il est impossible de/ /s&amp;#233;parer un &lt;br&gt;seul terme. Dans son unit&amp;#233;, Dieu cr&amp;#233;e l&amp;#39;univers (blanc); comme fils de &lt;br&gt;Dieu, il se r&amp;#233;v&amp;#232;le aux hommes (jaune) ; comme Saint-Esprit, il les &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;re par l&amp;#39;amour et la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; (rouge et bleu). Qui ne serait frapp&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;de cette merveilleuse co&amp;#239;ncidence Dans le bouddhisme, le brahmanisme, &lt;br&gt;dans les livres sacr&amp;#233;s de l&amp;#39;Inde, de la Chine, de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;gypte et de la &lt;br&gt;Perse, comme dans la Bible,, partant sa retrouve ce m&amp;#234;me dogme d&amp;#39;un seul &lt;br&gt;Dieu en trois personnes exprim&amp;#233;es par les m&amp;#234;mes couleurs.&lt;p&gt;/* Langue sacr&amp;#233;e.*// /Le feu du sacrifice &amp;#233;tait le symbole du feu &lt;br&gt;c&amp;#233;leste qui repose dans le coeur. La couleur rouge chez les &amp;#201;gyptiens &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;tait consacr&amp;#233;e aux bons g&amp;#233;nies ; c&amp;#39;est pour la m&amp;#234;me raison que Jupiter &lt;br&gt;et Bacchus &amp;#233;taient drap&amp;#233;s de rouge. Les artistes du Moyen-&amp;#226;ge, fid&amp;#232;les &lt;br&gt;aux traditions, donn&amp;#232;rent toujours &amp;#224; J&amp;#233;sus-Christ des v&amp;#234;tements blancs &lt;br&gt;ou rouges apr&amp;#232;s sa r&amp;#233;surrection. Le rouge &amp;#233;tait donc le symbole de la &lt;br&gt;divinit&amp;#233; et du culte. Le labarum de Constantin &amp;#233;tait pourpre , &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;oriflamme de saint Denis pourpre azur&amp;#233;. Mahomet portait des robes &lt;br&gt;rouges le vendredi et les f&amp;#234;tes du Beyram. Le rouge, comme embl&amp;#232;me de &lt;br&gt;droit divin, fut toujours l&amp;#39;attribut des pontifes, des rois, des &lt;br&gt;empereurs, des g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;raux et des classes privil&amp;#233;gi&amp;#233;es. Les cardinaux en &lt;br&gt;ont conserv&amp;#233; les insignes. Par opposition, le symbole de l&amp;#39;amour divin &lt;br&gt;deviendra la marque de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;go&amp;#239;sme, de l&amp;#39;amour infernal ; le d&amp;#233;mon sera &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#234;tu de rouge. De m&amp;#234;me, dans le blason, le gueule ou rouge d&amp;#233;note &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;ardent amour comme la haine, le courage comme la fureur, etc.&lt;p&gt;/*Langue profane*/. Dans la langue populaire de toutes les nations, la &lt;br&gt;couleur du sang fut l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me des combats; au P&amp;#233;rou, les quipos teintes &lt;br&gt;en rouge d&amp;#233;signaient les gens de guerre. Les Spartiates, qui ne &lt;br&gt;connaissaient d&amp;#39;autre vertu que le courage militaire, &amp;#233;taient ensevelis &lt;br&gt;dans des linceuls rouges. Le rouge &amp;#233;tait n&amp;#233;cessairement l&amp;#39;attribut du &lt;br&gt;dieu Mars dont le symbole spirituel, comme celui du dieu des arm&amp;#233;es chez &lt;br&gt;les Juifs, exprimait le combat de la vertu contre le vice. Il y a loin &lt;br&gt;de cette image consolante au dieu, sanguinaire dont on invoque le nom un &lt;br&gt;glaive &amp;#224; la main.&lt;p&gt;*DU BLEU.*&lt;p&gt;/* Langue divine.*// /L&amp;#39;air, dont la couleur est l&amp;#39;azur, le bleu &lt;br&gt;c&amp;#233;leste, exprime dans la Bible le symbole de l&amp;#39;esprit saint, de la &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; divine qui &amp;#233;claire les hommes. Dans l&amp;#39;antiquit&amp;#233;, le feu &amp;#233;th&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;, &lt;br&gt;ce qui veut dire le bleu et le rouge r&amp;#233;unis, figurait l&amp;#39;identification &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;amour et de la sagesse dans le p&amp;#232;re des dieux et des hommes. Sur &lt;br&gt;les verri&amp;#232;res du moyen fige, pendant les trois ann&amp;#233;es de pr&amp;#233;dication, de &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; et de sagesse, [52] le Messie porte une robe bleue. Le dieu Agni &lt;br&gt;dans l&amp;#39;Inde, symbole du feu c&amp;#233;leste, est mont&amp;#233; sur un /b&amp;#233;lier /bleu, &lt;br&gt;Jupiter-Ammon a un corps bleu avec une t&amp;#234;te de /b&amp;#233;lier, /et J&amp;#233;sus, &lt;br&gt;/l&amp;#39;agneau /mystique, est v&amp;#234;tu d&amp;#39;une robe bleue. Rapprochements &lt;br&gt;singuliers, mais qui d&amp;#233;montrent clairement l&amp;#39;unit&amp;#233; de ce grand drame &lt;br&gt;religieux dont la manifestation, obscurcie de t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres par intervalles, &lt;br&gt;se renouvelle invariablement dans sa puret&amp;#233; primitive.&lt;p&gt;/*Langue sacr&amp;#233;e*//. /La symbolique distingue trois cou-leurs bleues ; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;une qui &amp;#233;mane du rouge ; l&amp;#39;autre du blanc, et la troisi&amp;#232;me qui s&amp;#39;unit &lt;br&gt;au noir. Le bleu &amp;#233;man&amp;#233; du rouge repr&amp;#233;sente le feu &amp;#233;th&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; et signifie &lt;br&gt;amour /c&amp;#233;leste de la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;. /Dans les myst&amp;#232;res, il se rapporte au &lt;br&gt;bapt&amp;#234;me de feu. Le bleu &amp;#233;man&amp;#233; du blanc indique les v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;s de la foi ; &lt;br&gt;il se rapporte aux eaux vives de la Bible, symbole du bapt&amp;#234;me d&amp;#39;esprit. &lt;br&gt;Le bleu uni au noir d&amp;#233;signe l&amp;#39;esprit de Dieu planant sur le chaos, il se &lt;br&gt;rapporte au bapt&amp;#234;me naturel. Ces trois nuances expriment les trois &lt;br&gt;degr&amp;#233;s de l&amp;#39;initiation antique et le triple bapt&amp;#234;me chr&amp;#233;tien. — &amp;#171; Pour &lt;br&gt;moi, dit saint Jean-Baptiste, je vous baptise /d&amp;#39;eau /pour vous porter &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;la repentance ; mais celui qui vient apr&amp;#232;s moi est plus puissant que moi &lt;br&gt;; c&amp;#39;est lui qui vous baptisera du /saint esprit /et du /feu. &amp;#187; &lt;br&gt;/N&amp;#233;anmoins ces trois degr&amp;#233;s sont plus particuli&amp;#232;rement figur&amp;#233;s par le &lt;br&gt;rouge, le bleu et le vert.&lt;p&gt;/ //*Langue profane.*// /L&amp;#39;azur fut dans la langue divine le symbole de &lt;br&gt;la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; &amp;#233;ternelle ; dans la langue sacr&amp;#233;e, de l&amp;#39;immortalit&amp;#233;; et dans &lt;br&gt;la langue profane, de/ /la fid&amp;#233;lit&amp;#233;. Dans le blason , le bleu signifie &lt;br&gt;chastet&amp;#233; , loyaut&amp;#233;, fid&amp;#233;lit&amp;#233; et bonne r&amp;#233;putation.&lt;p&gt;*Du NOIR.*&lt;p&gt;Le blanc &amp;#233;tant le symbole de la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; absolue, le noir devait &amp;#234;tre &lt;br&gt;celui de l&amp;#39;erreur, du n&amp;#233;ant, de ce qui n&amp;#39;est pas. Lorsque J&amp;#233;sus-Christ &lt;br&gt;lutte contre le g&amp;#233;nie du mal, les enlumineurs du Moyen-&amp;#226;ge le &lt;br&gt;repr&amp;#233;sentent drap&amp;#233; en noir. La vierge Marie, qui est le symbole de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise chr&amp;#233;tienne, a souvent le visage noir sur les peintures du &lt;br&gt;douzi&amp;#232;me si&amp;#232;cle. Dans les c&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;monies de l&amp;#39;initiation antique, la &lt;br&gt;divinit&amp;#233;, symbole de la beaut&amp;#233; morale, avant de rev&amp;#234;tir les v&amp;#234;tements &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;clatants en signe de r&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ration, &amp;#233;tait d&amp;#39;abord drap&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;une robe de &lt;br&gt;deuil. En &amp;#201;gypte, cette d&amp;#233;it&amp;#233; s&amp;#39;appelait la t&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;breuse Athor ; en Gr&amp;#232;ce, &lt;br&gt;V&amp;#233;nus la noire (symbole de l&amp;#39;amour divin). Par un de ces rapprochements &lt;br&gt;que nous voyons constamment se reproduire dans la religion chr&amp;#233;tienne , &lt;br&gt;la couleur noire de la Vierge indique le degr&amp;#233; qui pr&amp;#233;c&amp;#232;de la &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ration ou le combat de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise contre les t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres. Chez les &lt;br&gt;Maures, le noir d&amp;#233;signait la douleur, le d&amp;#233;sespoir, l&amp;#39;obscurit&amp;#233; et la &lt;br&gt;constance. Dans le blason, la prudence, la sagesse et la /constance &lt;br&gt;/dans la tristesse et les adversit&amp;#233;s. Rouge sur noir, suivant M. Portal, &lt;br&gt;se rapporte aux divinit&amp;#233;s bienfaisantes, c&amp;#39;est ce qui expliquerait &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;emploi constant de ces deux couleurs dans les peintures des vases &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;trusques.&lt;p&gt;*Du VERT*&lt;p&gt;/* Langue divine*//. /D&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s les proph&amp;#232;tes , de Dieu &amp;#233;manent trois &lt;br&gt;sph&amp;#232;res qui remplissent les cieux ; la premi&amp;#232;re sph&amp;#232;re, ou sph&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;amour, est rouge ; la seconde, ou sph&amp;#232;re de sagesse, est bleue ; la &lt;br&gt;troisi&amp;#232;me, ou sph&amp;#232;re de cr&amp;#233;ation, est verte. Ces trois sph&amp;#232;res, &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;pondent aux trois degr&amp;#233;s d&amp;#39;initiation. Sur la Bible latine du dixi&amp;#232;me &lt;br&gt;si&amp;#232;cle, J&amp;#233;sus-Christ est envelopp&amp;#233; du limbe rouge bord&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;une bande &lt;br&gt;bleue, son aur&amp;#233;ole est rouge ; des ch&amp;#233;rubins et des anges l&amp;#39;environnent; &lt;br&gt;leurs aur&amp;#233;oles sont, les unes rouges, les autres bleues, les autres &lt;br&gt;vertes. Sous les pieds du Christ est une sph&amp;#232;re pourpre, et le &lt;br&gt;marche-pied de la divinit&amp;#233; e,st s&amp;#233;par&amp;#233; en trois bandes rouge, bleue et &lt;br&gt;verte. — Ce sont toujours les m&amp;#234;mes symboles reproduits sous une autre &lt;br&gt;forme.&lt;p&gt;/* Langue sacr&amp;#233;e*//. /Quatre couleurs sont attribu&amp;#233;es aux quatre &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ments; le rouge repr&amp;#233;sente le feu, l&amp;#39;azur l&amp;#39;air, le vert l&amp;#39;eau, le &lt;br&gt;noir la terre. Le vert est l&amp;#39;image du premier degr&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;initiation au &lt;br&gt;sortir du chaos et des t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres. Plus haut nous avons parl&amp;#233; de V&amp;#233;nus la &lt;br&gt;noire, il y avait aussi la verte V&amp;#233;nus, la V&amp;#233;nus /r&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ratrice, /la &lt;br&gt;V&amp;#233;nus Aphrog&amp;#233;nie. Ici nous retrouvons encore les rapprochements les plus &lt;br&gt;curieux. L&amp;#39;ap&amp;#244;tre saint Jean, l&amp;#39;initiateur aux combats spirituels , est &lt;br&gt;presque toujours v&amp;#234;tu d&amp;#39;une robe verte. Dans l&amp;#39;islamisme, Ali, &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;initiateur par la conqu&amp;#234;te mat&amp;#233;rielle, porte &amp;#233;galement le turban vert. &lt;br&gt;Par opposition, le vert d&amp;#233;signe la folie. Satan et Minerve, les deux &lt;br&gt;extr&amp;#234;mes, sont d&amp;#233;peints avec des yeux verts.&lt;p&gt;/* Langue profane.* /Les l&amp;#233;gendes populaires conservent les traditions &lt;br&gt;sacr&amp;#233;es en les mat&amp;#233;rialisant; le vert, symbole de la r&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ration de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me, de la nouvelle naissance spirituelle, fut l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me de la &lt;br&gt;naissance mat&amp;#233;rielle. On a pr&amp;#234;t&amp;#233; &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;meraude la vertu de h&amp;#226;ter &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;enfantement. Le vert, symbole de l&amp;#39;esp&amp;#233;rance, dans l&amp;#39;immortalit&amp;#233; , &lt;br&gt;devint celui de l&amp;#39;esp&amp;#233;rance dans le monde ; symbole de la victoire &lt;br&gt;spirituelle, il devint celui de la victoire mat&amp;#233;rielle, et, par &lt;br&gt;opposition, il d&amp;#233;signa chez les Grecs d&amp;#233;faite et trahison ; chez les &lt;br&gt;Maures, il signifiait esp&amp;#233;rance, joie et jeunesse ; dans le blason, &lt;br&gt;civilit&amp;#233;, amour, joie et abondance. Enfin dans toutes les religions &lt;br&gt;antiques et modernes, il fut et demeure le symbole de la bonne doctrine.&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;*COULEURS MIXTES.*&lt;p&gt;*Rose, pourpre, Hyacinthe, &amp;#233;carlate, Violet. Orang&amp;#233;, tann&amp;#233;, gris.*&lt;p&gt;Nous allons glisser rapidement sur les nuances d&amp;#233;riv&amp;#233;es des six couleurs &lt;br&gt;principales. la r&amp;#232;gle des [53] combinaisons est du reste un moyen clair &lt;br&gt;et facile de pr&amp;#233;voir leur valeur symbolique.&lt;p&gt;*Le rose*, par exemple, est un m&amp;#233;lange du rouge et du blanc ; le rouge &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;signe l&amp;#39;amour divin, le blanc la sagesse divine, la r&amp;#233;union de ces &lt;br&gt;deux couleurs devra donc signifier : Amour de la sagesse divine. Nous &lt;br&gt;trouvons ici une analogie avec le jaune, qui exprime le m&amp;#234;me symbole, &lt;br&gt;mais &amp;#224; un degr&amp;#233; sup&amp;#233;rieur. L&amp;#39;or, le jaune se rapportant &amp;#224; Dieu, &amp;#224; sa &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lation ; le rose indique l&amp;#39;homme r&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; qui re&amp;#231;oit la parole sainte.&lt;p&gt;*Le pourpre et l&amp;#39;hyacinthe* sont deux nuances d&amp;#39;une m&amp;#234;me couleur qu&amp;#39;il &lt;br&gt;serait facile de confondre, et qui cependant ont deux significations &lt;br&gt;diff&amp;#233;rentes. Le pourpre &amp;#233;tait dans l&amp;#39;antiquit&amp;#233; une couleur nuanc&amp;#233;e de &lt;br&gt;bleu ; dans l&amp;#39;hyacinthe, au contraire, c&amp;#39;est le bleu qui domine ; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;hyacinthe se rapportera donc &amp;#224; la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; de l&amp;#39;amour, et le pourpre &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;amour de la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;*L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;carlate* est une nuance compos&amp;#233;e de rouge avec une teinte de jaune; &lt;br&gt;il est, par cons&amp;#233;quent, le symbole de l&amp;#39;amour spirituel, de l&amp;#39;amour du &lt;br&gt;Verbe ou de la parole divine. Cette couleur dans la langue symbolique &lt;br&gt;est d&amp;#39;un degr&amp;#233; au-dessus du pourpre.&lt;p&gt;Jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; pr&amp;#233;sent, dans les couleurs mixtes, nous avons trouv&amp;#233; une &lt;br&gt;dominante ; mais lorsque les deux couleurs s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;quilibrent comme dans le &lt;br&gt;violet, o&amp;#249; le rouge et le bleu se font &amp;#233;galement sentir, la &lt;br&gt;signification d&amp;#233;coule des deux nuances primitives. Ainsi *le violet* &lt;br&gt;comprendra &amp;#224; la fois le sens du pourpre et de l&amp;#39;hyacinthe, l&amp;#39;amour de la &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; et la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; de l&amp;#39;amour ; il exprimera l&amp;#39;union de la bont&amp;#233; et de &lt;br&gt;la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;, de l&amp;#39;amour et de la sagesse.&lt;p&gt;Les couleurs *safran&amp;#233;e et orang&amp;#233;e*, compos&amp;#233;es de jaune et de rouge, &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;sign&amp;#232;rent d&amp;#232;s la plus haute antiquit&amp;#233; la r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lation de l&amp;#39;amour divin. &lt;br&gt;Bacchus, dont le mythe spirituel, et non mat&amp;#233;rialis&amp;#233; comme il le fut &lt;br&gt;plus tard, est le symbole de l&amp;#39;esprit saint, de la sanctification des &lt;br&gt;&amp;#226;mes, portait dans les repr&amp;#233;sentations sc&amp;#233;niques un manteau orang&amp;#233;. Dans &lt;br&gt;le christianisme, l&amp;#39;orang&amp;#233; d&amp;#233;signe encore la divinit&amp;#233; embrasant le coeur &lt;br&gt;et illuminant l&amp;#39;esprit des fid&amp;#232;les. C&amp;#39;est par opposition que dans la &lt;br&gt;langue profane cette couleur est devenue l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me de l&amp;#39;adult&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;mat&amp;#233;riel, et dans le blason l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me de la dissimulation et de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;hypocrisie.&lt;p&gt;Sous le nom de *couleur fauve, tann&amp;#233;e*, la pauvret&amp;#233; des langues humaines &lt;br&gt;nous force de r&amp;#233;unir une foule de nuances qui varient &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;infini depuis &lt;br&gt;le marron jusqu&amp;#39;au /feuille-morte. /Toutes ces couleurs brunes ont une &lt;br&gt;signification funeste ; dans l&amp;#39;antiquit&amp;#233; et le Moyen-&amp;#226;ge, elles furent &lt;br&gt;port&amp;#233;es en signe de deuil. Chez les Maures, le tann&amp;#233; &amp;#233;tait l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me de &lt;br&gt;tout ce qui est /mal; /alli&amp;#233; aux autres nuances, il leur donnait un sens &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#233;faste. Ainsi, vert et tann&amp;#233; signifiait rire et pleurs ; bleu et tann&amp;#233;, &lt;br&gt;patience dans l&amp;#39;adversit&amp;#233;, etc.&lt;p&gt;Le m&amp;#233;lange du blanc et du noir, ou *le gris*, fut dans le christianisme &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;embl&amp;#232;me de la mort terrestre et de/ /l&amp;#39;immortalit&amp;#233; spirituelle. De &lt;br&gt;plus, comme le blanc est le symbole de l&amp;#39;innocence, le noir celui de la &lt;br&gt;culpabilit&amp;#233;, le gris, en modifiant et att&amp;#233;nuant ces deux significations, &lt;br&gt;devient le symbole de l&amp;#39;innocence calomni&amp;#233;e, noircie, succombant sous le &lt;br&gt;poids de l&amp;#39;injustice des hommes.&lt;p&gt;De cette longue et curieuse &amp;#233;num&amp;#233;ration de/ /la symbolique des couleurs, &lt;br&gt;M. Fr&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;ric Portal s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;ve jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; des consid&amp;#233;rations philosophiques et &lt;br&gt;religieuses. Il est certain que si la symbolique des couleurs venait &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;se populariser de nouveau, ce qui n&amp;#39;est pas impossible, les couleurs &lt;br&gt;dont seraient peints les v&amp;#234;tements de tel ou tel personnage offriraient &lt;br&gt;une ressource de plus pour frapper l&amp;#39;imagination et pr&amp;#233;ciser d&amp;#39;une &lt;br&gt;mani&amp;#232;re saillante l&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;e que l&amp;#39;artiste s&amp;#39;efforce de traduire aux yeux.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;On ne peut refuser &amp;#224; la langue symbolique des couleurs une grande &lt;br&gt;souplesse jointe &amp;#224; une grande &amp;#233;nergie ; par son interm&amp;#233;diaire, l&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;prend un corps qui la rend plus accessible &amp;#224; toutes les intelligences. &lt;br&gt;Aussi la joie, le deuil, le triomphe, le m&amp;#233;pris, la puissance, l&amp;#39;amour, &lt;br&gt;la haine, le d&amp;#233;sespoir, toutes les grandes passions du coeur humain &lt;br&gt;ont-elles employ&amp;#233; cette langue expressive pour se manifester plus &lt;br&gt;vivement aux regards. Nous n&amp;#39;h&amp;#233;sitons pas &amp;#224; le dire, si les peintres &lt;br&gt;voulaient approfondir quelque peu cette musique du coloris dont chaque &lt;br&gt;ton exprime une id&amp;#233;e, ils en tireraient des effets aussi heureux &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;inattendus. Les artistes du Moyen-&amp;#226;ge ne manquaient jamais dans leurs &lt;br&gt;peintures religieuses d&amp;#39;accommoder la couleur des v&amp;#234;tements de chaque &lt;br&gt;personnage &amp;#224; la signification intime du fait repr&amp;#233;sent&amp;#233;. Tout dans leurs &lt;br&gt;compositions &amp;#233;tait symbolique, jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; la couleur des cheveux du Christ, &lt;br&gt;qui ils faisaient d&amp;#39;un blond dor&amp;#233;, comme symbole de la plus haute &lt;br&gt;expression du divin amour.&lt;p&gt;Eug&amp;#232;ne VILLEMIN&lt;p&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt;Pourquoi trois ? Comment TROIS ? En p&amp;#233;dagogie, on &lt;br&gt;faisait faire, autrefois, mais il est toujours d&amp;#39;actualit&amp;#233; dans sa &lt;br&gt;simplicit&amp;#233;, le test des trois commissions. Ce test permettait, avec &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;autres de d&amp;#233;terminer les capacit&amp;#233;s des &amp;#233;l&amp;#232;ves. &amp;#202;tre apte &amp;#224; faire trois &lt;br&gt;commissions sans en oublier rel&amp;#232;ve souvent de l&amp;#39;exploit quand l&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;y est pas, ou que la consigne est imparfaite. Notez pourtant, que m&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;avec des individus performants, plus vos consignes sont nombreuses, &lt;br&gt;moins elles sont ex&amp;#233;cut&amp;#233;es, et que tout &amp;#171; chef &amp;#187; devrait se limiter &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;deux &amp;#171; ordres ou consignes ou commissions &amp;#187; s&amp;#39;il veut &amp;#234;tre certain &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;elles seront ex&amp;#233;cut&amp;#233;es. La division de donn&amp;#233;es en trois, limite &lt;br&gt;intellectuelle fr&amp;#233;quente, rel&amp;#232;ve d&amp;#39;un bon sens &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;mentaire, au-del&amp;#224;, la &lt;br&gt;majorit&amp;#233; des individus va &amp;#171; oublier &amp;#187; la s&amp;#233;rie de t&amp;#226;ches qu&amp;#39;il doit &lt;br&gt;ex&amp;#233;cuter.&lt;p&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt; Les armoiries &amp;#233;taient diff&amp;#233;renci&amp;#233;es en cinq couleurs &lt;br&gt;: azur (bleu), gueules (rouge), sable (noir), sinople (vert), et pourpre &lt;br&gt;(violet).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-4421482720355077886?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4421482720355077886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4421482720355077886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/11/couleurs-symbolique-portal.html' title='couleurs symbolique Portal'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-8153816585782266325</id><published>2009-10-31T10:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-31T11:01:16.040-07:00</updated><title type='text'>un charnier pour pauvres</title><content type='html'>journal encyclop&amp;#233;dique, 15 f&amp;#233;vrier 1776, p. 183&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;un abus contre lequel on r&amp;#233;clame depuis tr&amp;#232;s longtemps est celui de voir &lt;br&gt;des cimeti&amp;#232;res dans l&amp;#39;enceinte des villes. Il en existe un dans la ville &lt;br&gt;de Paris, appel&amp;#233; le &amp;#171; charnier des innocents &amp;#187;. Suivant un usage qui &lt;br&gt;fait horreur, on y creuse des fosses de quinze &amp;#224; vingt pieds de &lt;br&gt;profondeur, dans lesquelles on entasse les cadavres, ensevelis ou non, &lt;br&gt;jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; ce qu&amp;#39;elles soient remplies.&lt;p&gt;Il y a peu de temps qu&amp;#39;un cordonnier de cette ville, traversant ce &lt;br&gt;cimeti&amp;#232;re &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;heure o&amp;#249; on en ferme les portes, tomba dans une de ces &lt;br&gt;fosses, qui &amp;#233;tait encore ouverte: la violence de la chute ou plut&amp;#244;t la &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;volution subite que lui causa l&amp;#39;horreur de sa situation lui fit, sans &lt;br&gt;doute, perdre connaissance. Il passa la nuit dans ce cloaque de &lt;br&gt;contagion et fut trouv&amp;#233; mort le lendemain.&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Le pied est une unit&amp;#233; de mesure sa conversion en &amp;#171; centim&amp;#232;tres &amp;#187; pose en &lt;br&gt;premier l&amp;#39;origine du pied: romain, anglais, de France, de roi... on peut &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;estimer &amp;#224; 30 centim&amp;#232;tres pour un calcul approch&amp;#233; ne n&amp;#233;cessitant comme &lt;br&gt;ici aucune pr&amp;#233;cision 20 x 30, soit 600 et nous avons des fosses de 4 &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#232;tres &amp;#224; 7 m&amp;#232;tres, ce qui peut se comparer &amp;#224; une maison avec ou sans &amp;#233;tage !&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-8153816585782266325?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8153816585782266325'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8153816585782266325'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/10/un-charnier-pour-pauvres.html' title='un charnier pour pauvres'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-6805356468304946957</id><published>2009-10-27T05:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-27T05:50:02.188-07:00</updated><title type='text'>louis-claude saint-martin</title><content type='html'>*SAINT-MARTIN, LOUIS CLAUDE DE*: French mystic; b. at Amboise Jan. 18, &lt;br&gt;1743; d. at Paris Oct. 13, 1803. After studying law, he entered the army &lt;br&gt;and at Bordeaux became acquainted with a Portuguese^1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt; &lt;br&gt;Jew named Martinez de Pasqualis, whose freemasonry increased St. &lt;br&gt;Martin&amp;#39;s tendency to mysticism. At Lyons and Paris St. Martin &lt;br&gt;communicated, in mysterious phraseology and ceremony, his &amp;quot;revelation&amp;quot; &lt;br&gt;on *God, the spirit world, the fall, and original sin*. Among his &lt;br&gt;hearers was a Count d&amp;#39;Hauterive, on whom St. Martin tried all sorts of &lt;br&gt;experiments^2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt; at Lyons (1774-76) *to gain fellowship &lt;br&gt;with the Logos.* Meanwhile, he gradually withdrew from Pasqualis and his &lt;br&gt;followers, formed a cautious friendship^3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3sym&amp;gt; with &lt;br&gt;Cagliostro, and read Swedenborg. At this period he published his first &lt;br&gt;work, under the pseudonym of &amp;quot;un philosophe inc(onnu)&amp;quot; Des erreurs et de &lt;br&gt;la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;, ou les hommes rappel&amp;#233;s au principe universel de la science &lt;br&gt;(Lyons, 1775), a book which aroused the anger of Voltaire.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;To propagate his views St. Martin now removed to Paris, where he moved &lt;br&gt;in aristocratic circles, writing his emanational tenets in his Tableau &lt;br&gt;naturel des rapports qui existent entre Dieu, l&amp;#39;homme et l&amp;#39;univers &lt;br&gt;(Lyons [ostensibly Edinburgh], 1782). His travels gained him new &lt;br&gt;acquaintances. In England he met William Law and Best; he accompanied &lt;br&gt;Prince Gallitzin to Italy in 1787; in 1788 he resided in *Montb&amp;#233;liard* &lt;br&gt;with Duchess Dorothea of W&amp;#252;rttemberg. Until 1791 he lived in Strasburg, &lt;br&gt;where he studied the writings of Jacob Bohme, but in the latter year his &lt;br&gt;father&amp;#39;s illness forced him to return to Amboise, where his theories &lt;br&gt;found little sympathy. To this period of his career belong his L&amp;#39;Homme &lt;br&gt;de d&amp;#233;sir (Lyons, 1790), Ecce homo (Paris, 1792), and Le Nouvel Homme &lt;br&gt;(1792).&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;St. Martin&amp;#39;s last close friendship was formed with Baron Kirchberger of &lt;br&gt;Bern, through whom he was kept informed of mystic movements abroad &lt;br&gt;during the French Revolution. This latter upheaval was greeted by him &lt;br&gt;with joy, and after being appointed tutor, with Condorcet, Siey&amp;#232;s, and &lt;br&gt;Bemardin de St. Pierre, to the Dauphin in 1791, he became one of his &lt;br&gt;jailers two years later. St. Martin himself was later imprisoned^4 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote4sym&amp;gt; and exiled to Amboise. Before long, however, he was &lt;br&gt;sent back to Paris as a teacher^5 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5sym&amp;gt; [178] at the new &lt;br&gt;normal school there. This position he held until his death, and during &lt;br&gt;his incumbency he wrote Lettre &amp;#224; un ami, consid&amp;#233;rations politiques, &lt;br&gt;philosophiques et religieuses sur la r&amp;#233;volution fran&amp;#231;aise (Paris, 1795); &lt;br&gt;Eclair sur l&amp;#39;association humaine (1797); Esprit des choses ou coup &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;oeil philosophiques sur la nature des &amp;#234;tres et sur l&amp;#39;objet de leur &lt;br&gt;existence (1800) ; Minist&amp;#232;re de l&amp;#39;homme esprit (1802), besides &lt;br&gt;translating a number of the works of Boehme.&lt;p&gt;St. Martin&amp;#39;s views, *a mixture of cabalistic, Gnostic, and neoplatonic &lt;br&gt;doctrines^6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6sym&amp;gt;* on a Christian basis, can scarcely be &lt;br&gt;reduced to a system. At the same time, he bitterly hated^7 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote7sym&amp;gt; the Church, yet fell into all sorts of clairvoyance, &lt;br&gt;conjuring, and juggling with numbers and the tetragrammaton. His &lt;br&gt;favorite sphere was anthropology; he held it the aim of man to be still &lt;br&gt;higher than Christ, the highest type of humanity; i*n his daily life St. &lt;br&gt;Martin sought simply to live like a pious Christian*. For his following &lt;br&gt;see *Martinist Order*.&lt;p&gt;(C. Pfender.^8 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8sym&amp;gt;)&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;/*Bibliography*/ : La Correspondance in&amp;#233;dite de L. C. de Saint-Martin . &lt;br&gt;. . ed. L. Schauer and A. Chuquet, Amsterdam, 1862, cf. Mystical &lt;br&gt;Philosophy and Spiritual Manifestations. Selections from the ... &lt;br&gt;Correspondence between . . . Saint-Martin . . . and Kirchberger, Exeter, &lt;br&gt;1863;&lt;p&gt;J. B. M. Gence, Notice biographique sur L. C. de Saint Martin, Paris, 1823;&lt;p&gt;L. Moreau, R&amp;#233;flexions sur lee id&amp;#233;es de L.C de Saint- Martin, ib. 1850;&lt;p&gt;E. M. Caro, Du mysticisme au 18e si&amp;#232;cle. Essai sur la vie et la doctrine &lt;br&gt;de Saint-Martin, ib. 1852;&lt;p&gt;J. Matter. Saint-Martin, le philosophe inconnu, ib. 1862;&lt;p&gt;A. Franek, La Philosophie mystique en France &amp;#224; la fin du 18e si&amp;#232;cle. &lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin et son ma&amp;#238;tre Martinez Pasqually, ib. 1866.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt;Affirmation habituelle, non valid&amp;#233;e.&lt;p&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt;La source historique de cette donn&amp;#233;e pourrait &amp;#234;tre &lt;br&gt;int&amp;#233;ressante, mais d&amp;#39;o&amp;#249; cela vient-il? Des le&amp;#231;ons aux &amp;#233;lus co&amp;#235;ns, des &lt;br&gt;sommeils selon le syst&amp;#232;me de Mesmer?&lt;p&gt;3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3anc&amp;gt;Lcsm semble ne jamais avoir appr&amp;#233;ci&amp;#233; Cagliostro...&lt;p&gt;4 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4anc&amp;gt;Le terme emprisonn&amp;#233; est inexact, les nobles &amp;#233;taient &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;loign&amp;#233;s de Paris d&amp;#233;cret du 24 germinal (16 avril 1794)&lt;p&gt;5 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5anc&amp;gt;La dur&amp;#233;e de vie de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;cole normale fut courte, lcsm &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;exer&amp;#231;a jamais, il ne fut donc jamais &amp;#171; titulaire &amp;#187;&lt;p&gt;6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6anc&amp;gt;Donn&amp;#233;es v&amp;#233;hicul&amp;#233;es par l&amp;#39;ordre martiniste, encore &lt;br&gt;faut-il prouver ces &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ments!&lt;p&gt;7 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote7anc&amp;gt;Il me para&amp;#238;t inexact de parler de haine, comme d&amp;#39;une &lt;br&gt;utilisation superstitieuse des nombres... la suite de la phrase est &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;particuli&amp;#232;re &amp;#187;!&lt;p&gt;8 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8anc&amp;gt;Pfender Charles, Pastor of St. Paul&amp;#39;s Evangelical &lt;br&gt;Lutheran Church, Paris pasteur luth&amp;#233;rien, de l&amp;#39;exemple du Christ, &lt;br&gt;facult&amp;#233; de th&amp;#233;ologie de Strasbourg; la confession d&amp;#39;Augsbourg; Martin &lt;br&gt;Luther; ...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-6805356468304946957?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/6805356468304946957'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/6805356468304946957'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/10/louis-claude-saint-martin.html' title='louis-claude saint-martin'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-8805254815473690565</id><published>2009-10-27T05:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-27T07:49:26.161-07:00</updated><title type='text'>the martinist order 1911 ordre martiniste</title><content type='html'>*Martinist Order** The *: &amp;quot;A spiritualized freemasonry.&amp;quot; The order was &lt;br&gt;founded by Martinez de Pasqualis, a Portuguese emigrant to France at &lt;br&gt;[217 vue 242] the end of the eighteenth century, who selected &lt;br&gt;individuals, some of them of prominent position, who seemed to him &lt;br&gt;adapted to the purpose and taught them by a severe, systematic, and &lt;br&gt;persistent discipline to develop their inner and hidden powers. To his &lt;br&gt;initiates Pasqualis applied the name &amp;quot;elect priests&amp;quot;.&amp;quot; As he left the &lt;br&gt;system it had seven degrees^1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt;. After his death two of &lt;br&gt;his pupils, Jean Baptiste Willermoz and Louis Claude de Saint-Martin &lt;br&gt;(q.v.), assumed direction^2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt; of the order and reduced &lt;br&gt;the degrees to three^3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3sym&amp;gt;. Willermoz devoted his energies &lt;br&gt;to founding lodges; Saint-Martin applied himself to personal &lt;br&gt;development, and gave to the ritual the name of *the rectified rite^4 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote4sym&amp;gt; of St. Martin*. There are two parts in the order^5 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote5sym&amp;gt;: the inner or spiritual, open to those who become &lt;br&gt;adepts; and the exterior or practical and scientific, open to &amp;quot;men of &lt;br&gt;desire.&amp;quot; The government is in five degrees: the supreme council located &lt;br&gt;at Paris, France; president. Dr. G&amp;#233;rard Encausse); inspectors, appointed &lt;br&gt;by the supreme council; delegates, appointed by the inspectors; lodges, &lt;br&gt;and groups. It differs from free-masonry in that it admits men and women &lt;br&gt;on equal footing; does not require fees for initiations, dues, or &lt;br&gt;instruction; aims to bring man into pristine relations with God; and it &lt;br&gt;receives orders from the unknown philosopher and thus depends from the &lt;br&gt;invisible world. It was introduced into America in the year 1894, the &lt;br&gt;government there being by an inspector- (inspectress-) general.&lt;p&gt;Margaret B. Peek^6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6sym&amp;gt; ✝&lt;p&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt;Le nombre de degr&amp;#233;s semble avoir vari&amp;#233;, toutefois on &lt;br&gt;consid&amp;#232;re g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ralement que l&amp;#39;ordre comptait 10 degr&amp;#233;s.&lt;p&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt;Ils n&amp;#39;ont jamais pr&amp;#233;sid&amp;#233; l&amp;#39;ordre de Martin&amp;#232;s, lequel &lt;br&gt;avait d&amp;#233;sign&amp;#233; Caignet de Lester mort en 1778 qui d&amp;#233;signe Las Casas &lt;br&gt;dernier grand ma&amp;#238;tre (officiel) cl&amp;#244;t les activit&amp;#233;s des 8 temples encore &lt;br&gt;actifs en 1781. Une activit&amp;#233; co&amp;#235;n persistera quelques temps, certains &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;mules pouvant revendiquer une succession, mais ni lcsm, ni Willermoz.&lt;p&gt;3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3anc&amp;gt;L&amp;#39;affirmation est de la responsabilit&amp;#233; de Papus Teder &lt;br&gt;et s&amp;#39;imprime dans le rituel martiniste de 1912.&lt;p&gt;4 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4anc&amp;gt;Ce n&amp;#39;est pas le R&amp;#233;gime &amp;#233;cossais rectifi&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;Willermoz! est-ce un signe de plus sur la piste d&amp;#39;un rite &amp;#233;cossais &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;form&amp;#233; de Saint-martin... ? Les articles contiennent trop d&amp;#39;erreurs &lt;br&gt;pour &amp;#234;tre affirmatif!&lt;p&gt;5 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5anc&amp;gt;Cela rappelle les distinctions des ann&amp;#233;es 50 du 20e &lt;br&gt;si&amp;#232;cle par Philippe Encausse et Ambelain, et l&amp;#39;ordre selon Papus.&lt;p&gt;6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6anc&amp;gt;Edouard Blitz was the &amp;quot;Souverain D&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;gate&amp;quot; for the &lt;br&gt;&amp;#39;Ordre Martiniste&amp;#39; in America; in 1902 Blitz broke with the Martinists &lt;br&gt;in France and founded the &amp;quot;AMERICAN RECTIFIED MARTINIST ORDER. Margaret &lt;br&gt;B.Peeke was chosen by the &amp;#39;Supreme Council&amp;#39; to replace Blitz (it is said &lt;br&gt;Blitz do not want to be associated with a clandestine masonic order!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-8805254815473690565?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8805254815473690565'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8805254815473690565'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/10/martinist-order-1911-ordre-martiniste.html' title='the martinist order 1911 ordre martiniste'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-8929677757220946239</id><published>2009-10-22T09:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-22T12:56:07.485-07:00</updated><title type='text'>généalogie picardiie Tournai</title><content type='html'>*ROLE DE TROIS CENTS HOMMES D&amp;#39;ARMES PASS&amp;#201;S EN REVUE A TOURNAY*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;      Les 17, 18, 10 Juin 1398&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Le d&amp;#233;p&amp;#244;t des Archives du d&amp;#233;partement de la C&amp;#244;te-d&amp;#39;Or passe avec raison &lt;br&gt;pour &amp;#234;tre l&amp;#39;un des plus pr&amp;#233;cieux de la France. Il renferme notamment des &lt;br&gt;documents in&amp;#233;dits pleins d&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t qui concernent les provinces du Nord &lt;br&gt;et l&amp;#39;inventaire signale, entre autres richesses, une longue s&amp;#233;rie de &lt;br&gt;Monstres du 14^e si&amp;#232;cle, source de renseignements utiles pour &lt;br&gt;reconstituer la filiation des anciennes familles. On jugera de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;importance de ces monstres en parcourant les trois cents noms de celle &lt;br&gt;qui eut lieu &amp;#224; Toumay les 17, 18 et 19 juin 1398 et dans laquelle &lt;br&gt;figurent un grand nombre de gentilshommes picards enr&amp;#244;l&amp;#233;s sous la &lt;br&gt;banni&amp;#232;re des plus fameux capitaines de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;poque. Le duc de Bourgogne &lt;br&gt;voulant secourir sa sœur la duchesse de Brabant dans la lutte qu&amp;#39;elle &lt;br&gt;avait engag&amp;#233;e contre le duc de Gueldre, donna le commandement de trois &lt;br&gt;cents hommes d&amp;#39;armes au comte de Ligny, en m&amp;#234;me temps qu&amp;#39;il chargeait &lt;br&gt;messires Jehan de Poucques et Thiercelet des Barres de les passer en &lt;br&gt;revue dans la ville de Tournay. Jehan de Poucques, ch&amp;#226;telain de Lille, &lt;br&gt;seigneur de Molimont &amp;#233;tait le fils a&amp;#238;n&amp;#233; de Enlart de Poucques et de &lt;br&gt;Marie de Fl&amp;#233;chin. Thiercelet des Barres appartenait &amp;#224; une illustre &lt;br&gt;maison alli&amp;#233;e des Montmorency ; aussi tous les deux s&amp;#39;honoraient de &lt;br&gt;figurer parmi les conseillers et les ma&amp;#238;tres de l&amp;#39;h&amp;#244;tel du Duc. Ils &lt;br&gt;pass&amp;#232;rent la monstre de ces gendarmes ainsi qu&amp;#39;il leur avait &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; enjoint &lt;br&gt;&amp;#171; jusques au nombre de trois cens et refusant les autres- &amp;#187; Voici les &lt;br&gt;noms des chevaliers bannerets qui se pr&amp;#233;sent&amp;#232;rent ; ils appartenaient &lt;br&gt;presque tous &amp;#224; la noblesse picarde : Messire Caulux de Luxembourg ; &lt;br&gt;Messires de Croy et de Rambures; Messire Morelet de Saveuse, capitaine &lt;br&gt;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral de Picardie ; Messire Antoine de Craon ; Messire Rolant de &lt;br&gt;Poucques ; Messire de Ronck ; Messire Jacques d&amp;#39;Heilly ; Messire Jehan &lt;br&gt;de B&amp;#233;thisi ; Messire Hellin de Waziers. Sous les ordres de ces chefs, &lt;br&gt;qui figurent avec distinction dans les annales de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;poque, marchaient &lt;br&gt;deux cent quatre-vingt-dix hommes d&amp;#39;armes moins illustres peut-&amp;#234;tre mais &lt;br&gt;non moins braves et dont nous nous estimons heureux de consacrer la &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#233;moire, en publiant ce document trop longtemps ignor&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Nous, Jehan de Pouckes, seigneur de Mol&amp;#238;mont, et Thierchelet de le Bare, &lt;br&gt;chevaliers, conseillers et ma&amp;#238;stres dostel de Mons. le duc de Bourgogne, &lt;br&gt;comte de Flandres, Darto&amp;#238;s et de Bourgogne, commis par les lettres de &lt;br&gt;notre dit seigneur &amp;#224; voir et recepvoir les monstres de trois cenz hommes &lt;br&gt;darmez que notre dit seigneur envoie pr&amp;#233;sentement avœch Mons. le comte &lt;br&gt;de Liney et de Saint Pol ou service de madame la ducesse et de son pays &lt;br&gt;de Brabant, de lamin&amp;#238;strateur et de ses pays de Li&amp;#232;ge et de Loz leurs &lt;br&gt;alli&amp;#233;s en la guerre quil ont contre le duc de Gheldre et ses aydans.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Et Jehan des Poullettes, recepveur g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral des finances notre dit &lt;br&gt;seigneur et de par ycelui commis &amp;#224; faire les paiemens des dictes gens &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;armes, salut.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Nous vous certifions par ces pr&amp;#233;sentes que par vertu des dictes lettres &lt;br&gt;de notre dit seigneur desquelles la teneur senssuit :&lt;p&gt;Philippe, fils de roy de France, duc de Bourgogne, comte de Fiandrez, &lt;br&gt;Dartois et de Bourgogne, palatin, sire de Salins, comte de Rethel et &lt;br&gt;seigneur de Malines &amp;#224; nos am&amp;#233;s et f&amp;#233;aulx chevaliers et conseilliers &lt;br&gt;Mess. Jehan de Poucques notre chastelain de Lille et messire Tiercelet &lt;br&gt;de le Bare, salut :&lt;p&gt;Comme notre tr&amp;#232;s cher et am&amp;#233; nepveu le comte de - 280 - Liney et de &lt;br&gt;Saint Pol se soit ordonn&amp;#233; et disposer daler pr&amp;#233;sentement avœques la &lt;br&gt;charge de trois cens hommes darmes en layde et ou service de notre tr&amp;#232;s &lt;br&gt;ch&amp;#232;re et tr&amp;#232;s am&amp;#233;e sœur la ducesse et de son pays de Brabant, de notre &lt;br&gt;couzin laministrateur de Li&amp;#232;ge et de ses pays de Li&amp;#232;ge et de Loz leurs &lt;br&gt;alli&amp;#233;s, en la guerre quils ont contre le duc de Gheldre et ses aidans et &lt;br&gt;la chevauch&amp;#238;e quils entendent faire prochainement es pays dicelui duc. &lt;br&gt;Nous vous mandons et commettons par ces pr&amp;#233;sentes que vous, ou lun de &lt;br&gt;vous, vous transportez en la ville de Tournay ou notre dit neveu a fait &lt;br&gt;son mandement des dictes trois cens lances au dix witiesme jour de ce &lt;br&gt;moys et illecques prenez et recepvez les monstres diceulx trois cens &lt;br&gt;homes darmes, en passant &amp;#224; monstre ceulx qui seront &amp;#224; passer jusques au &lt;br&gt;dit nombre et refusant les aultres qui point ne seront &amp;#224; passer selon ce &lt;br&gt;et par la mani&amp;#232;re que en tel cas est acoustum&amp;#233;. Et &amp;#224; ceulx qui ainsi &lt;br&gt;seront pass&amp;#233;s, bailliez vos lettres sur ce pour estre pay&amp;#233;s de leurs &lt;br&gt;gages tels et de celui qu&amp;#39;il appartenra et sera commis et ordonn&amp;#233; &amp;#224; ce &lt;br&gt;de par nous.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;De ce faire vous, ou &amp;#224; lun de vous, donnons povoir et auctorit&amp;#233;, mandons &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; tous qui ce poet touchier que &amp;#224; vous, ou lun de vous, en ce faisant &lt;br&gt;ob&amp;#233;issent et entendent dilligemment. Et par raport vos dictes lettres &lt;br&gt;avecques les quittances qui y comp&amp;#233;tent, nous voulons tout ce que ainsi &lt;br&gt;pay&amp;#233; aura est&amp;#233; aux dictes gens darmes, et &amp;#224; chacun deux, estre allou&amp;#233; es &lt;br&gt;comptes de notre dit commis, et rabatu de sa recepte del argent que lui &lt;br&gt;aura est&amp;#233; bailli&amp;#233; et d&amp;#233;livr&amp;#233; pour ce par nos amez et f&amp;#233;aulx les - 281 - &lt;br&gt;gens de nos comptes quil competera senz contredit ou difficult&amp;#233; aucuns &lt;br&gt;non obstant quelconques ordonnances mandemens ou deffences ad ce &lt;br&gt;contraires.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Donn&amp;#233; en nostre hostel de Conflans-lez-Paris, le quatriesme jour de &lt;br&gt;juing lan de gr&amp;#226;ce mil trois cens quatre vings et dix huit. Ainsi sign&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;par Mons. le Duc vous pr&amp;#233;sent, - Beythullb.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Nous avons receu la monstre des dictes gens darmes es dix huictiesme, &lt;br&gt;dix nœfviesme et vingtiesme jours de ce pr&amp;#233;sent mois, o&amp;#249; il a soixante &lt;br&gt;chevaliers esquels il a trois bani&amp;#232;res assavoir est Mess, de Croy, &lt;br&gt;messire Gaulux de Luxembourc et messire *Morel* et de Saveuses, aux &lt;br&gt;jours, lieux et en la mani&amp;#232;re comme contenu est en ce pr&amp;#233;sent r&amp;#244;le, &lt;br&gt;lequel nous vous envoyons soulz n&amp;#244;tres seaulx, si les payez par le &lt;br&gt;fourme et mani&amp;#232;re que notre dit seigneur le vous mande par ses lettres.&lt;p&gt;- Donn&amp;#233; &amp;#224; Tournay le vingt et un&amp;#238;esme jour du mois de jung lan mil CGC &lt;br&gt;nij&amp;quot; et dix w&amp;#238;t.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Premi&amp;#232;rement s&amp;#39;ensuivent les gens de la court et de Mons. de Saint Fol :&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Mess. Gaulux de Luxembourch, baneret.&lt;p&gt;Robinet Dantroelles&lt;p&gt;Lyonnel Daraines.&lt;p&gt;des &amp;#194;ubiaux.&lt;p&gt;Gallehaut Daucoch.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Jehan Dengoutesent.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Bouberch.&lt;p&gt;de Noyelle.&lt;p&gt;Gille de Chin.&lt;p&gt;de Herbaumes.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;L&amp;#39;orthographe tr&amp;#232;s d&amp;#233;fectueuse des noms propres est rigoureusement &lt;br&gt;conforme &amp;#224; celle du titre original.&lt;p&gt;- 383 -&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Mess. Lanselot de Ligny.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Bournonville.&lt;p&gt;Gille de Mailli.&lt;p&gt;Robinet Fr&amp;#232;re.&lt;p&gt;Mons. De Hackeville .&lt;p&gt;Mess. Jehan de Cayeu.&lt;p&gt;Mons. De Durcat.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Guy de Margival.&lt;p&gt;Mons. De Fray&amp;#232;res.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Enguerran de Durkat.&lt;p&gt;Raoul de Manne.&lt;p&gt;Hue de Saulx.&lt;p&gt;Mons. De Bournonville.&lt;p&gt;De Lonroy.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Witart de Bours&lt;p&gt;David de Rambures.&lt;p&gt;Yvain de Biauval.&lt;p&gt;Loys de Brimeu.&lt;p&gt;Hue Dauchy.&lt;p&gt;Mons. De Roubays.&lt;p&gt;Desleenhuze.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Colinet de Sempi.&lt;p&gt;Robert de Sempi.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Hamart.&lt;p&gt;Pierre de Houllefort&lt;p&gt;Jehan Dalinghetun.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Denghinehaut.&lt;p&gt;Flourent de Lichques.&lt;p&gt;Willet de Tout le Monde.&lt;p&gt;Clays Gapelare&lt;p&gt;Robert de Croix.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Mory.&lt;p&gt;Estevenindele Val.&lt;p&gt;Luppart de Courchielles.&lt;p&gt;Jehan le Prouvost.&lt;p&gt;Coppin de Fieves.&lt;p&gt;Le Brun Descallez.&lt;p&gt;Caizin le Vin.&lt;p&gt;Ostebrin Mathieu-&lt;p&gt;Desraine Du Sauchoy.&lt;p&gt;Lanselot de Noyelle.&lt;p&gt;Robert du Payage.&lt;p&gt;Gerardin de Herbaumes.&lt;p&gt;Pierre de Monchiaulx&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Kaumont.&lt;p&gt;Colard Houchart.&lt;p&gt;Robert Descœffen.&lt;p&gt;Aiealme de Bcetun.&lt;p&gt;Hostelin de Haulterive.&lt;p&gt;G&amp;#233;rard le Preudome.&lt;p&gt;Market Ris.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Wallecourt.&lt;p&gt;Willaume Daudevenne.&lt;p&gt;Gamuzet de Ligny.&lt;p&gt;Perrin Turck.&lt;p&gt;Fernand de Bouckourt.&lt;p&gt;Le Begghe de le Rachie.&lt;p&gt;Guillaume Foukaut.&lt;p&gt;- 283 -&lt;p&gt;Pierre Danfreville.&lt;p&gt;Willaume de le Heulpe.&lt;p&gt;Emon de Bouberch.&lt;p&gt;Robert de Bouberch.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Malet.&lt;p&gt;TrouUart de Maucroes.&lt;p&gt;Thomassin du Bos.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Descauffour.&lt;p&gt;Gillotin Deps.&lt;p&gt;Bridoulet de Brali&lt;p&gt;Le Trompette.&lt;p&gt;Pierre Hamoy.&lt;p&gt;Colin de Karville.&lt;p&gt;Le Bastard de Rou vegnies .&lt;p&gt;Guyot de Gorrenflos.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Bernastre.&lt;p&gt;Regnault Dagincourt.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Greviler.&lt;p&gt;Lambert Dor.&lt;p&gt;Huet de Cheverieres.&lt;p&gt;Le Bastard la Chi&amp;#232;vre.&lt;p&gt;Percheval de Fresencourt.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Lonroy.&lt;p&gt;Jehan du Quesnoy.&lt;p&gt;Thumassin de le Porte.&lt;p&gt;Willaume de Pitoy.&lt;p&gt;&amp;#194;rnekin du Bos.&lt;p&gt;Dr&amp;#238;u Divort.&lt;p&gt;Jakes de Galonn&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;No&amp;#235;l de Galonn&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Jehan du Mez.&lt;p&gt;Baudechon de Bassincourt&lt;p&gt;Robertus.&lt;p&gt;Ghillevin de Gr&amp;#233;bauval.&lt;p&gt;Hector Mulart.&lt;p&gt;Symon Bourse.&lt;p&gt;Robin Salemon.&lt;p&gt;Janin de Foukaucourt&lt;p&gt;Jehan Bare.&lt;p&gt;Andrieu de le Carnoye.&lt;p&gt;Gosselin de le Nœfve Piere.&lt;p&gt;Le Roux de le Carnoye,&lt;p&gt;Pieret des Gardins.&lt;p&gt;Willaume de Frugez.&lt;p&gt;Robin du Quesnoy.&lt;p&gt;Colin Le Ver.&lt;p&gt;Baudet des Mares.&lt;p&gt;Ghillebert de Five.&lt;p&gt;Boignet de Rues.&lt;p&gt;Coppin de Canlers.&lt;p&gt;Salrez de Fontaines.&lt;p&gt;Le Bastard Descornav.&lt;p&gt;Le Bastard Diseghem.&lt;p&gt;Pierre de Goerle.&lt;p&gt;Jakemart Lalemant.&lt;p&gt;Colin du Gardin.&lt;p&gt;Item senssuivent les gens qui sont desoulz. Mons. de Croy, banerech, et &lt;br&gt;Mons. de Rambures.&lt;p&gt;- 284 -&lt;p&gt;Mess Patroullart de Trye.&lt;p&gt;Hector de Sainte More.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Hellin.&lt;p&gt;Baudew&amp;#238;n le Vert.&lt;p&gt;Guy Divregny.&lt;p&gt;De Fremessent.&lt;p&gt;De Boncourt.&lt;p&gt;Rasse de Renty.&lt;p&gt;Pierre de Noukemble.&lt;p&gt;De Noyelle.&lt;p&gt;Raisse de Senighehem.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de le Viefville.&lt;p&gt;Garbonnier de le Motte.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Herville.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Picket.&lt;p&gt;Robin Kaverel.&lt;p&gt;Buignart du Tilloy.&lt;p&gt;Watier Daraines.&lt;p&gt;Danne&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Fremessent.&lt;p&gt;Le Borgne de Noroy.&lt;p&gt;Foukautde Hesdin.&lt;p&gt;Pierre de Biaulieu.&lt;p&gt;Le Borgne Deskoives.&lt;p&gt;Lanselot de Quichy.&lt;p&gt;Lamon de Launav.&lt;p&gt;Lanselot de Grebauval.&lt;p&gt;Gaillart Descrepiœul.&lt;p&gt;Robert de Grand Mares.&lt;p&gt;Gassot de Vilette.&lt;p&gt;Vermonnet de Mery.&lt;p&gt;Lanselot de Blargiez.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Kaumesnil.&lt;p&gt;Willaume de Ka&amp;#238;gny.&lt;p&gt;Adam Desescroez.&lt;p&gt;Le Bastard de Bazentin.&lt;p&gt;Enguerran de Bugnies.&lt;p&gt;Mahieu de Ligni&amp;#232;res.&lt;p&gt;Al&amp;#244;aume Gamel.&lt;p&gt;Anyeux de Thubiauville.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de le Gauchie.&lt;p&gt;Le Bastard GameL&lt;p&gt;Hustin de Lannoy.&lt;p&gt;Gollechon de Kalembert.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Colin de Rus&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Francekin Herbort,&lt;p&gt;Oudart de Haysque.&lt;p&gt;Robin Paumart.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Deskesnes.&lt;p&gt;Le Gallois Deskesnes.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Item senssuivent ceux qui sont desoulx. Mess. *Morel* et de Saveuze, &lt;br&gt;bannerech.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Mansart du Bos. Mess. Baudrain de Berloy. Raulin le Viconte. Le &lt;br&gt;Bastard Deskenes.&lt;p&gt;Percheval du Bos. Rifflart de Clamas.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Baisse. Hue de Dommart.&lt;p&gt;Regnault de Blangi.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Item senssuivent ceux qui sont desoulx. Mess. Antoine de Cran.&lt;p&gt;Brunel le Viconte.&lt;p&gt;Marck de Willerval.&lt;p&gt;Philippot de Pontrebart.&lt;p&gt;Wibelet le Pr&amp;#233;vost.&lt;p&gt;Charle de Willerval.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Biache.&lt;p&gt;Martinet Fremaut.&lt;p&gt;Pierre de Waudripont.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Chikart.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Saint-Aubin.&lt;p&gt;Aufray.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Item senssuivent ceulx qui sont desoulx. Mess. Roilant de Poucques.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Pierre de Roizinbos&lt;p&gt;Lyonnel de Ligny.&lt;p&gt;Victor de Rabecque.&lt;p&gt;Wulphart de Quinghien.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Item senssuivent cheulx Ronch.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Mess, de Landas.&lt;p&gt;Mons. de le Haye,&lt;p&gt;le bastard de Landas.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Destambecque.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de le Nef.&lt;p&gt;Huache de Mazinghehem.&lt;p&gt;Thumas Evrard.&lt;p&gt;Goustrand de Liestres.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;G&amp;#233;rard du Gardin.&lt;p&gt;Mess. Jehan Denglos.&lt;p&gt;Henry de Qeremont.&lt;p&gt;Le Bastard Denglos.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;qui sont desoulx. Mons. de&lt;p&gt;Le bastard deleViefville.&lt;p&gt;Golard de Givenchi.&lt;p&gt;Willaume de Lannoy.&lt;p&gt;Colard de Roizinbos.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Hallebouk.&lt;p&gt;Golard Desplancquez.&lt;p&gt;Ghillewin Lescot.&lt;p&gt;Flameng de Lievin.&lt;p&gt;- 286 -&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ghillewin de Lickques.&lt;p&gt;Jacquemart de Givanci.&lt;p&gt;Willaume de Forest.&lt;p&gt;Huslin des Pr&amp;#232;s.&lt;p&gt;Le bastard Deys.&lt;p&gt;Huchon du Petit R&amp;#238;eu.&lt;p&gt;Jehan du Petit Rieu.&lt;p&gt;Butor de Mareschs.&lt;p&gt;Alealme Daverond.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Hallettes.&lt;p&gt;Alard des Pr&amp;#232;s.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de le Foe.&lt;p&gt;D&amp;#233;sir&amp;#233; des Pumeriaux.&lt;p&gt;Lyonnel de Ricqueboorch&lt;p&gt;Wermon de le Boissiere.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de le Ruelle.&lt;p&gt;Richart Olivier.&lt;p&gt;Regnault du Sauchoy.&lt;p&gt;Engueran de le Boussiere.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Barry.&lt;p&gt;Saint Ernoul.&lt;p&gt;Regnault de Haulte Rive.&lt;p&gt;Richart Pokare&lt;p&gt;Despert le Bescot.&lt;p&gt;Lti bastard de Melun&lt;p&gt;Wibert de Fretun.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Item senssuivent ceulx qui sont desoulx. Mons. de Helly.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Mess. Corbet de Reubempr&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Tristan de Bussu.&lt;p&gt;Rogier de Haulte Rive.&lt;p&gt;Henry le Berruiier.&lt;p&gt;Jehan le Bertangle.&lt;p&gt;Hustin de Moutonviler.&lt;p&gt;Therchelet de le Bare.&lt;p&gt;Gillot Morant.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Saint Amant.&lt;p&gt;Lanselot de Reubempr&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Lesgle de Wadencourt.&lt;p&gt;Jehan le Vach&amp;#232;re.&lt;p&gt;Gillot Barbelrin.&lt;p&gt;Watier le Castela&amp;#238;n.&lt;p&gt;Robin de Fiecicourt.&lt;p&gt;Despert de Fiecicourt.&lt;p&gt;Lanselot Guissin.&lt;p&gt;Baudechon de St. Legier.&lt;p&gt;Baudart de le Sure.&lt;p&gt;Willaume de Flessencourt&lt;p&gt;Jehan Boet.&lt;p&gt;Symon Priiere.&lt;p&gt;Porrus de Fontaines.&lt;p&gt;- 287 -&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Item senssuivent ceulx qui sont desoulx. Mess. Jehan de Bethizi.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Mess. Tristan de Tronville&lt;p&gt;Le Moisne de le Piere.&lt;p&gt;Loys de Caufry.&lt;p&gt;Le bastard de Herbaumes.&lt;p&gt;Brisse Fremaut.&lt;p&gt;Le Gastelain de Kantain.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Item senssuivent ceulx qui sont desoulx. Mess. Hell&amp;#238;n de Waziers.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Andrieu Macquerel.&lt;p&gt;Regnault de le Court.&lt;p&gt;Borgnet de Bohaing.&lt;p&gt;Pieret des Kesnes.&lt;p&gt;Le bastard de Bailloel.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de le Motte.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Lihons.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de B&amp;#233;ry.&lt;p&gt;Jehan Gaillart.&lt;p&gt;Gille de le Motte.&lt;p&gt;G&amp;#233;rard Destourmel.&lt;p&gt;Pierre Loy.&lt;p&gt;Jehan de Noyelle.&lt;p&gt;Le Pleustre de Gribauval.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-8929677757220946239?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8929677757220946239'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8929677757220946239'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/10/genealogie-picardiie-tournai.html' title='généalogie picardiie Tournai'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-7783543511751722494</id><published>2009-10-22T09:02:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-22T11:37:18.677-07:00</updated><title type='text'>discours et communication, publicité et orientation de l'histoire</title><content type='html'>*DISCOURS SUR LES BEAUX-ARTS AU TEMPS DE CHARLEMAGNE, *&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Par M. l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; H&amp;#201;NOCQUE, Pr&amp;#233;sident. *&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;*Lu dans la S&amp;#233;ance publique du 19 novembre 1876. *&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Messieurs,&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Avant de soumettre &amp;#224; cette honorable assembl&amp;#233;e quelques aper&amp;#231;us sur les &lt;br&gt;Beaux-Arts au temps de Charlemagne, il est convenable, ce me semble de &lt;br&gt;rendre un hommage public &amp;#224; la g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rosit&amp;#233; des bienfaiteurs de notre &lt;br&gt;Soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;, qui nous permet d&amp;#39;honorer le talent et d&amp;#39;encourager les travaux &lt;br&gt;scientifiques.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;La bienveillance du premier magistrat de notre cit&amp;#233; nous permet m&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;largir l&amp;#39;enceinte de nos r&amp;#233;unions, pour que notre parole arrive &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;toutes les personnes qui s&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;ressent &amp;#224; nos &amp;#233;tudes et aux nouvelles &lt;br&gt;recherches que nous avons la mission de r&amp;#233;compenser.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;- 1 -&lt;p&gt;- 2 -&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Il est, Messieurs, des intelligences sup&amp;#233;rieures &amp;#224; qui il ne suff&amp;#238;t pas &lt;br&gt;de servir la science par des travaux remarquables, par des collections &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;objets d&amp;#39;art amass&amp;#233;es au prix d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;normes sacrifices. La Providence leur &lt;br&gt;ayant assez lib&amp;#233;ralement d&amp;#233;parti ses dons, assur&amp;#233; cette auream &lt;br&gt;mediocritatem^1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1sym&amp;gt; dont parle le po&amp;#232;te, elles croient ne &lt;br&gt;bien acquitter leur dette envers le pays, qu&amp;#39;autant qu&amp;#39;elles stimulent &lt;br&gt;le z&amp;#232;le et l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;mulation de ceux que d&amp;#233;vore la m&amp;#234;me passion. C&amp;#39;est &lt;br&gt;pourquoi elles laissent des fondations destin&amp;#233;es &amp;#224; perp&amp;#233;tuer l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;lan &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;elles ont imprim&amp;#233; &amp;#224; des &amp;#233;tudes ch&amp;#233;ries. Que leurs esp&amp;#233;rances se &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;alisent, vous en auriez la preuve, Messieurs, si je vous &amp;#233;num&amp;#233;rais les &lt;br&gt;œuvres que nos concours ont suscit&amp;#233;es depuis 1863. Notre Biblioth&amp;#232;que &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;est enrichie d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;crits tr&amp;#232;s s&amp;#233;rieux sur plusieurs villes de notre &lt;br&gt;province et sur leurs institutions, sur des &amp;#233;glises, des abbayes, de &lt;br&gt;nobles familles, sur les antiquit&amp;#233;s d&amp;#39;un canton et m&amp;#234;me sur &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;arch&amp;#233;ologie pr&amp;#233;historique. Ce que l&amp;#39;avenir nous r&amp;#233;serve de &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;couvertes, nous l&amp;#39;ignorons; mais nous sommes toutefois persuad&amp;#233;s que &lt;br&gt;le sol o&amp;#249; nos p&amp;#232;res ont laiss&amp;#233; tant de glorieux souvenirs, sera encore &lt;br&gt;remu&amp;#233; par d&amp;#39;infatigables travailleurs, et qu&amp;#39;il n&amp;#39;y aura point que &lt;br&gt;Texilo qui ouvrira son &amp;#226;me &amp;#224; ces douces r&amp;#234;veries qu&amp;#39;&amp;#233;veille le nom de la &lt;br&gt;patrie :&lt;p&gt;Nescio qua natale solum dulcedine cunctos^2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2sym&amp;gt;&lt;p&gt;Attrah&amp;#238;t, immemores nec sinit esse sut.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Lorsque viendra l&amp;#39;heure de grouper les faits principaux de notre &lt;br&gt;histoire locale, de d&amp;#233;crire les mœurs et - 3 - les usages de nos p&amp;#232;res, &lt;br&gt;avec quel empressement on ouvrira ces pages f&amp;#233;condes, o&amp;#249; de patientes &lt;br&gt;recherches ont recueilli tout ce qu&amp;#39;on peut savoir sur les hommes et les &lt;br&gt;choses de la Picardie !&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Gloire ! Messieurs, aux fondateurs de nos concours, &amp;#224; ces amis si &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;clair&amp;#233;s de la science, qui ont trouv&amp;#233; le secret de dissiper les &lt;br&gt;t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres du pass&amp;#233; et de faire produire au grand jour les tr&amp;#233;sors cach&amp;#233;s &lt;br&gt;depuis des si&amp;#232;cles dans nos archives et nos biblioth&amp;#232;ques publiques ou &lt;br&gt;priv&amp;#233;es.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Nos &amp;#233;tudes, souvent arides, resserr&amp;#233;es qu&amp;#39;elles sont dans d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;troites &lt;br&gt;limites que nous nous faisons un devoir de respecter, n&amp;#39;offrent &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;attrait qu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; un public choisi. Du moins, Messieurs, nous sommes &lt;br&gt;heureux de pouvoir offrir ici l&amp;#39;expression sinc&amp;#232;re de notre &lt;br&gt;reconnaissance aux hommes &amp;#233;minents plac&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; la t&amp;#234;te des administrations &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;partementales, ou recommandables par leurs dignit&amp;#233;s et leurs &lt;br&gt;fonctions, qui ont voulu, par leur pr&amp;#233;sence, nous assurer de leurs &lt;br&gt;sympathies.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Dans le Moyen-&amp;#226;ge, la Foi et les Beaux-Arts ont &amp;#233;crit sur nos monuments &lt;br&gt;religieux et civils les admirables pages d&amp;#39;un livre scell&amp;#233; pour les &lt;br&gt;g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rations suivantes. D&amp;#39;un seul trait de plume, les artistes les plus &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#233;rieux, les historiens les plus autoris&amp;#233;s biff&amp;#232;rent toute cette &amp;#233;poque &lt;br&gt;de t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres et de barbarie. Il a &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; donn&amp;#233; &amp;#224; notre si&amp;#232;cle de faire lire &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; ceux que n&amp;#39;aveuglent point des pr&amp;#233;ventions incurables les merveilles^3 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote3sym&amp;gt; des conceptions chr&amp;#233;tiennes, d&amp;#39;ajouter &amp;#224; la splendeur &lt;br&gt;des arts lib&amp;#233;raux toujours honor&amp;#233;s dans notre patrie, de - 4 - montrer &lt;br&gt;sous son v&amp;#233;ritable jour une &amp;#233;poque qu&amp;#39;on croyait avoir &amp;#233;tudi&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;consciencieusement et qui nous cachait encore des œuvres &amp;#233;minemment &lt;br&gt;sociales, les inspirations de son architecture et des beaux-arts qui &lt;br&gt;marchent toujours &amp;#224; sa suite.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Que nos premiers historiens aient d&amp;#233;plor&amp;#233; les d&amp;#233;sastres, les calamit&amp;#233;s, &lt;br&gt;les cruaut&amp;#233;s de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;ge de fer, rien de plus juste ; mais qu&amp;#39;ils aient &lt;br&gt;laiss&amp;#233; dans l&amp;#39;ombre les efforts prodigieux de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise pour dompter les &lt;br&gt;barbares^4 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4sym&amp;gt; et les initier &amp;#224; la pratique des sciences &lt;br&gt;et des beaux-arts, c&amp;#39;est une grande faute dont il ne restera bient&amp;#244;t &lt;br&gt;plus de trace.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;En m&amp;#233;ditant le r&amp;#232;gne d&amp;#39;un Empereur qu&amp;#39;un &amp;#233;loquent pr&amp;#233;lat appelait &lt;br&gt;derni&amp;#232;rement le plus grand roi de la France, il m&amp;#39;a toujours sembl&amp;#233;, &lt;br&gt;Messieurs, que le Tout-Puissant a voulu incarner le g&amp;#233;nie chr&amp;#233;tien dans &lt;br&gt;le fondateur de nos soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;s modernes, comme il a incarn&amp;#233; la grandeur &lt;br&gt;dans son nom. En effet, ne voyons-nous pas que Charlemagne, en m&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;temps qu&amp;#39;il pose dans ses Capitulaires, dans ses lettres aux &amp;#233;v&amp;#234;ques, &lt;br&gt;dans ses instructions aux Missi Dominiciy la pierre angulaire et les &lt;br&gt;plus fortes assises d&amp;#39;un empire^5 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5sym&amp;gt; chr&amp;#233;tien, recommande &lt;br&gt;aussi qu&amp;#39;on s&amp;#39;occupe des belles-lettres, des &amp;#233;glises, de leur &lt;br&gt;ornementation, des peintures destin&amp;#233;es &amp;#224; faire lire au peuple toute &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;conomie des myst&amp;#232;res du christianisme. Un des fils de la Saxe &lt;br&gt;vaincue, essayant de chanter dans un grand po&amp;#232;me le fondateur du nouvel &lt;br&gt;empire, s&amp;#39;exprimait ainsi : &amp;#171; Si vous comptez ses victoires, les guerres &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;il a heureusement termin&amp;#233;es, les royaumes et les peuples qu&amp;#39;il a - 5 &lt;br&gt;- soumis, vous vous &amp;#233;tonnerez qu&amp;#39;il ait eu des heures de loisir pour &lt;br&gt;lire et composer des ouvrages ; mais si apr&amp;#232;s cela vous consid&amp;#233;rez les &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;tudes litt&amp;#233;raires auxquelles il a donn&amp;#233; une forte impulsion, vous &lt;br&gt;admirerez comment ce prince, si passionn&amp;#233; pour les sciences, a pu gagner &lt;br&gt;tant de batailles. &amp;#187;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Charlemagne n&amp;#39;a point donn&amp;#233; son nom &amp;#224; son si&amp;#232;cle comme les Auguste, les &lt;br&gt;L&amp;#233;on X, les Louis XIV ; toutefois les sublimes inspirations de l&amp;#39;art et &lt;br&gt;de la po&amp;#233;sie n&amp;#39;ont point manqu&amp;#233; &amp;#224; son r&amp;#232;gne. Quoique son &amp;#233;cole du Palais &lt;br&gt;ne se soit pas &amp;#233;lev&amp;#233;e &amp;#224; cet apog&amp;#233;e de perfection dont chaque peuple &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;offre pas deux exemples, elle n&amp;#39;est pas pour cela rest&amp;#233;e stationnaire &lt;br&gt;; encore moins pourrait-on accuser cette &amp;#233;poque de d&amp;#233;cadence et &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;ignorance. Affirmer, d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s un texte d&amp;#39;Eginard certainement mal &lt;br&gt;interpr&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; par quelques &amp;#233;crivains modernes, que Charlemagne ne savait &lt;br&gt;pas m&amp;#234;me &amp;#233;crire, accuser les jeunes seigneurs de sa cour d&amp;#39;avoir &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;lev&amp;#233;s dans l&amp;#39;ignorance des belles-lettres, c&amp;#39;est d&amp;#233;naturer l&amp;#39;histoire &lt;br&gt;et accr&amp;#233;diter des erreurs pr&amp;#233;judiciables &amp;#224; la soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; chr&amp;#233;tienne ; car &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise revendique avec raison, pour les si&amp;#232;cles o&amp;#249; elle tenait le &lt;br&gt;sceptre de la science, les progr&amp;#232;s compatibles^6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6sym&amp;gt; avec &lt;br&gt;ses institutions.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;On est bien plus pr&amp;#232;s de la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; quand on cherche &amp;#224; &amp;#233;tablir que, si &lt;br&gt;les Normands^7 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote7sym&amp;gt; n&amp;#39;avaient pas &amp;#233;touff&amp;#233; dans le sang et &lt;br&gt;les ruines amoncel&amp;#233;es sur leur passage ce foyer de lumi&amp;#232;re qui &lt;br&gt;commen&amp;#231;ait &amp;#224; &amp;#233;clairer le royaume des Francs par les &amp;#233;coles &amp;#233;piscopales &lt;br&gt;et monastiques, les grandes conceptions de Charlemagne auraient produit &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;admirables r&amp;#233;sultats. L&amp;#39;activit&amp;#233; - 6 - intellectuelle et artistique &lt;br&gt;dont le 13^e si&amp;#232;cle devint le point culminant, n&amp;#39;aurait pas &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;fatalement recul&amp;#233;e jusqu&amp;#39;au r&amp;#232;gne de Saint-Louis.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Mais je n&amp;#39;ai point le temps de porter mon attention sur les &amp;#233;tudes et &lt;br&gt;sur l&amp;#39;action exerc&amp;#233;e par l&amp;#39;humble et savant L&amp;#233;vite^8 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8sym&amp;gt; &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;Albion, qu&amp;#39;un publiciste moderne appelait le premier ministre &lt;br&gt;intellectuel de Charlemagne. Je ne veux m&amp;#39;occuper ici que des Beaux-Arts &lt;br&gt;: ils ont trouv&amp;#233; aussi dans le puissant Empereur un g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;reux protecteur. &lt;br&gt;Son r&amp;#232;gne a produit des œuvres remarquables que ses contemporains ont &lt;br&gt;os&amp;#233; comparer aux monuments de l&amp;#39;ancienne Rome et &amp;#224; ce que l&amp;#39;antiquit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;nous a laiss&amp;#233; de plus admirable. Nous ne saurions dire aujourd&amp;#39;hui, par &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;absence des points de comparaison, ce qu&amp;#39;il y a d&amp;#39;excessif dans cette &lt;br&gt;admiration ; mais, quand m&amp;#234;me l&amp;#39;orgueil national ou la flatterie &lt;br&gt;auraient exag&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; le m&amp;#233;rite des travaux du 9^e si&amp;#232;cle, ce langage nous &lt;br&gt;prouve que le grand l&amp;#233;gislateur moderne, au milieu de toutes ses &lt;br&gt;sollicitudes, ne cessait de travailler &amp;#224; la civilisation des nouvelles &lt;br&gt;races, en leur offrant des splendeurs qu&amp;#39;elles n&amp;#39;avaient jamais connues. &lt;br&gt;Du reste Charlemagne avait vu Rome, sinon dans l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;clat de sa gloire &lt;br&gt;antique, au moins dans la majest&amp;#233; pure et sereine dont elle brillait &lt;br&gt;sous le gouvernement sage et pacifique des souverains pontifes. La &lt;br&gt;magnificence de ses &amp;#233;glises, sans cesse enrichies par les lib&amp;#233;ralit&amp;#233;s &lt;br&gt;des vicaires de J&amp;#233;sus-Christ, lui enseignait de quelle mani&amp;#232;re la foi et &lt;br&gt;la pi&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; consacrent &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;ternel ce qu&amp;#39;il y a de plus pr&amp;#233;cieux sur la &lt;br&gt;terre. Qui dira ce que la Rome nouvelle re&amp;#231;ut de la g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rosit&amp;#233; de - 7 - &lt;br&gt;deux illustres papes, contemporains de Charlemagne, Adrien 1^er et saint &lt;br&gt;L&amp;#233;on III ? Le biblioth&amp;#233;caire Anastase a signal&amp;#233; leurs dons en lampes ou &lt;br&gt;couronnes de lumi&amp;#232;res, en vases sacr&amp;#233;s d&amp;#39;un travail incomparable, en &lt;br&gt;mosa&amp;#239;ques, en broderies et &amp;#233;toffes pr&amp;#233;cieuses. Son curieux inventaire &lt;br&gt;nous r&amp;#233;v&amp;#232;le une prodigalit&amp;#233; dont nous n&amp;#39;avons plus d&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;e dans notre &lt;br&gt;si&amp;#232;cle, o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;on ne songe gu&amp;#232;re &amp;#224; &amp;#233;taler son luxe dans les pompes du &lt;br&gt;culte divin. Le chiffre des offrandes du pape Adrien &amp;#233;num&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;es par &lt;br&gt;S&amp;#233;roux d&amp;#39;Agincourt s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;ve environ &amp;#224; la somme de 1,800 livres d&amp;#39;or et de &lt;br&gt;1,800 livres d&amp;#39;argent : somme vraiment prodigieuse pour cette &amp;#233;poque. &lt;br&gt;Les pr&amp;#233;sents^9 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote9sym&amp;gt; de saint L&amp;#233;on ne sont pas moins &lt;br&gt;multipli&amp;#233;s ni moins consid&amp;#233;rables.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Remarquons en outre que l&amp;#39;art n&amp;#39;avait point p&amp;#233;ri en Italie. L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;avait pris sous sa protection et sauv&amp;#233; au milieu de la dissolution &lt;br&gt;universelle. Il est vrai que les barbares avaient beaucoup d&amp;#233;truit ; &lt;br&gt;mais les papes ne cessaient de rallumer le feu sacr&amp;#233; que le Cr&amp;#233;ateur^10 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#sdfootnote10sym&amp;gt; a d&amp;#233;pos&amp;#233; au sein des soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;s, pour &amp;#233;lever les &amp;#226;mes &lt;br&gt;vers le beau et l&amp;#39;auteur de tout bien.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ce n&amp;#39;est pas en vain que Charlemagne contempla les monuments chr&amp;#233;tiens &lt;br&gt;de la Rome moderne et les ruines toujours imposantes de l&amp;#39;empire &amp;#233;croul&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;sous les coups redoubl&amp;#233;s des barbares : il essaya de lutter avec cette &lt;br&gt;double civilisation. C&amp;#39;est pourquoi son r&amp;#232;gne est salu&amp;#233; comme une &lt;br&gt;renaissance des lettres et des Beaux-Arts, renaissance &amp;#233;ph&amp;#233;m&amp;#232;re, si l&amp;#39;on &lt;br&gt;veut, mais qui ne diminue en rien les &amp;#233;loges si bien m&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;s des &lt;br&gt;contemporains, et qui permet &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;histoire moderne - 8 - de redire que &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;ce grand homme resplendit dans tout ce qui a &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; ex&amp;#233;cut&amp;#233; en son si&amp;#232;cle. &amp;#187;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Pour que le nouvel empire des Francs ne le c&amp;#233;d&amp;#226;t point &amp;#224; celui des &lt;br&gt;successeurs d&amp;#39;Auguste, il fonda, dit un ami passionn&amp;#233; de l&amp;#39;art, des &lt;br&gt;villes, des forteresses, des palais, des &amp;#233;glises magnifiques, des forts &lt;br&gt;qui, apr&amp;#232;s des invasions formidables, &amp;#233;tonnaient encore les peuples : il &lt;br&gt;appela des artistes des contr&amp;#233;es &amp;#233;trang&amp;#232;res, leur donna une royale &lt;br&gt;hospitalit&amp;#233; dans ses palais et mit toutes les ressources de son empire &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;leur disposition. Eginard nous a laiss&amp;#233; la description suivante des &lt;br&gt;travaux ex&amp;#233;cut&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; Aix-la-Chapelle, dont le site grandiose l&amp;#39;avait &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#233;duit comme les Romains, &amp;#171; Pouss&amp;#233; par sa d&amp;#233;votion, il b&amp;#226;tit &amp;#224; Aix une &lt;br&gt;basilique d&amp;#39;une grande beaut&amp;#233;, l&amp;#39;enrichit d&amp;#39;or, d&amp;#39;argent, de magnifiques &lt;br&gt;cand&amp;#233;labres, l&amp;#39;orna de portes et de chancels de bronze massif; il fit &lt;br&gt;venir, &amp;#224; grands frais, de Rome et de Ravenne, les colonnes et les &lt;br&gt;marbres qu&amp;#39;il ne pouvait tirer d&amp;#39;aucun autre endroit. Il fit don d&amp;#39;une &lt;br&gt;grande quantit&amp;#233; de vases sacr&amp;#233;s d&amp;#39;or et d&amp;#39;argent. Les ornements, les &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#234;tements destin&amp;#233;s au clerg&amp;#233; &amp;#233;taient si nombreux que, lorsqu&amp;#39;on ce &lt;br&gt;c&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;brait les divins myst&amp;#232;res ou les offices publics, les clercs des &lt;br&gt;derniers ordres, (par exemple les portiers), n&amp;#39;avaient pas besoin de se &lt;br&gt;servir de leurs habits du si&amp;#232;cle.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;La Chapelle d&amp;#39;Aix, ce monument si c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre dans l&amp;#39;histoire des empereurs &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;Allemagne, doit avant tout sa renomm&amp;#233;e et son &amp;#233;clat au grand et &lt;br&gt;magnifique Empereur. Le temple de Fr&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;ric Barberousse, dont - 9 - &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;arch&amp;#233;ologie a plus d&amp;#39;une fois d&amp;#233;crit les richesses artistiques, a-t-il &lt;br&gt;effac&amp;#233; la splendeur de celui du 9^e si&amp;#232;cle ? Il est permis d&amp;#39;en douter, &lt;br&gt;quand on consid&amp;#232;re les difficult&amp;#233;s vaincues par Charlemagne et l&amp;#39;audace &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;entreprise.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Que d&amp;#39;hommes mis en mouvement pour ex&amp;#233;cuter ses volont&amp;#233;s ! Quelle &lt;br&gt;distance d&amp;#39;Aix &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;Italie ! Que d&amp;#39;obstacles naturels ! Quel poids et &lt;br&gt;quelle quantit&amp;#233; de mat&amp;#233;riaux &amp;#224; transporter !&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;D&amp;#39;autre part, si nous cherchons &amp;#224; nous rendre compte des d&amp;#233;corations de &lt;br&gt;la basilique, nous verrons les sc&amp;#232;nes les plus touchantes de l&amp;#39;Ancien et &lt;br&gt;du Nouveau Testament repr&amp;#233;sent&amp;#233;es, soit par la peinture et la sculpture, &lt;br&gt;soit dans quelques-unes de ces brillantes mosa&amp;#239;ques qu&amp;#39;on avait copi&amp;#233;es &lt;br&gt;sur les murs des sanctuaires de Rome. Sur le pav&amp;#233;, d&amp;#39;autres mosa&amp;#239;ques &lt;br&gt;rempla&amp;#231;aient nos dalles modernes ; elles formaient des tableaux qui &lt;br&gt;rappelaient aux chr&amp;#233;tiens des souvenirs des divines mis&amp;#233;ricordes ou le &lt;br&gt;jugement final D&amp;#39;&amp;#233;clatantes tapisseries, des tentures relev&amp;#233;es par des &lt;br&gt;broderies, o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;or et l&amp;#39;argent avivaient des tissus de soie, ornaient &lt;br&gt;les parties les plus saillantes de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;difice. L&amp;#39;orf&amp;#232;vrerie, d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224; arriv&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; un degr&amp;#233; de perfection que nos proc&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;s modernes n&amp;#39;ont gu&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;surpass&amp;#233;e, avait sem&amp;#233; ses ciselures, ses pierreries, ses &amp;#233;maux sur les &lt;br&gt;vases sacr&amp;#233;s et tout le luxe de son art sur les objets les plus pr&amp;#233;cieux &lt;br&gt;que renfermait le tr&amp;#233;sor. C&amp;#39;est pourquoi tous ces objets avaient acquis &lt;br&gt;par la finesse et la d&amp;#233;licatesse de l&amp;#39;ex&amp;#233;cution une valeur bien &lt;br&gt;sup&amp;#233;rieure &amp;#224; celle de la mati&amp;#232;re.&lt;p&gt;- 10 -&lt;p&gt;Pr&amp;#232;s de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;levait le palais. Les architectes et les artistes de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;poque combl&amp;#232;rent toutes les ressources de leur talent et de leur &lt;br&gt;science pour que le nouveau monument f&amp;#251;t digne de la basilique et de la &lt;br&gt;majest&amp;#233; imp&amp;#233;riale. Charlemagne y fit peindre les all&amp;#233;gories des sept &lt;br&gt;arts lib&amp;#233;raux et *de ses guerres contre les pa&amp;#239;ens*. On admirait &lt;br&gt;surtout, disent les chroniques, le portique conduisant du palais &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise, si richement d&amp;#233;cor&amp;#233; qu&amp;#39;il passait pour une des merveilles de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;poque. L&amp;#39;art eut aussi &amp;#224; s&amp;#39;exercer sur les salles destin&amp;#233;es aux &lt;br&gt;audiences, aux di&amp;#232;tes, aux conciles : sur les splendides pavillons que &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;empereur avait pr&amp;#233;par&amp;#233;s pour sa nombreuse famille : sur les &lt;br&gt;appartements qu&amp;#39;on r&amp;#233;servait pour les officiers de l&amp;#39;Empire, les &lt;br&gt;ambassadeurs, les d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233;s des provinces.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Faut-il mentionner d&amp;#39;autres &amp;#233;glises ? nous avons celles de Francfort et &lt;br&gt;de Ratisbonne : d&amp;#39;autres palais somptueux et d&amp;#39;un travail parfait, &lt;br&gt;*egregii operis*, selon l&amp;#39;expression d&amp;#39;Eginard ? nous citerons ceux de &lt;br&gt;Nim&amp;#232;gue, de Spire, de Schelestadt, d&amp;#39;Eugelheim pr&amp;#232;s Mayence. On remarque &lt;br&gt;en particulier dans ce dernier que cent colonnes supportaient le toit de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;difice, que les portes de la basilique &amp;#233;taient dor&amp;#233;es et les murs &lt;br&gt;orn&amp;#233;s de peintures, o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;on avait repr&amp;#233;sent&amp;#233; des faits bibliques : car &lt;br&gt;les Saintes &amp;#201;critures &amp;#233;taient la m&amp;#233;ditation^11 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote11sym&amp;gt; &lt;br&gt;habituelle de Charlemagne et des principaux seigneurs de la cour, plus &lt;br&gt;graves dans leurs mœurs et plus aust&amp;#232;res dans leur vie priv&amp;#233;e que ne le &lt;br&gt;disent certains historiens.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Les arch&amp;#233;ologues, dans les diverses classifications -11- qu&amp;#39;ils ont &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;tablies pour distinguer les genres d&amp;#39;architecture, parlent du style &lt;br&gt;Lombard ou Carlovingien, style lourd, trapu, sans gr&amp;#226;ce ni ornements. Il &lt;br&gt;nous reste, en effet, quelques &amp;#233;difices &amp;#224; peu pr&amp;#232;s contemporains du &lt;br&gt;grand empereur, o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;on constate des signes de la d&amp;#233;cadence de l&amp;#39;art. &lt;br&gt;Les malheurs des temps sous ses successeurs expliqueront au besoin cette &lt;br&gt;triste n&amp;#233;cessit&amp;#233; de b&amp;#226;tir vite et d&amp;#39;une mani&amp;#232;re toute rustique. Mais ce &lt;br&gt;bl&amp;#226;me ne pourrait atteindre les constructions de Charlemagne : il ne &lt;br&gt;manquait pas d&amp;#39;architectes habiles ni d&amp;#39;artistes recommandables par la &lt;br&gt;perfection de leurs travaux. L&amp;#39;Italie et Byzance lui en envoy&amp;#232;rent &lt;br&gt;autant qu&amp;#39;il pouvait en d&amp;#233;sirer. Pendant que l&amp;#39;Occident sous &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;inspiration des traditions catholiques procurait &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;art des &lt;br&gt;ressources in&amp;#233;puisables, les empereurs iconoclastes d&amp;#233;nudaient leurs &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;glises et leurs monast&amp;#232;res, en brisant ou lac&amp;#233;rant dans leurs fureurs &lt;br&gt;insens&amp;#233;es les images v&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;es des saints. Les artistes r&amp;#233;duits &amp;#224; la &lt;br&gt;mendicit&amp;#233; fuyaient une terre inhospitali&amp;#232;re et venaient offrir leurs &lt;br&gt;services aux princes de l&amp;#39;Occident. Les moines, victimes de leur &lt;br&gt;soumission &amp;#224; la foi de leurs p&amp;#232;res et proscrits, cherchaient un asile &lt;br&gt;dans les monast&amp;#232;res de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise latine o&amp;#249; ils &amp;#233;taient accueillis avec &lt;br&gt;empressement. L&amp;#224; ils cultiv&amp;#232;rent les arts qui leur &amp;#233;taient familiers et &lt;br&gt;contribu&amp;#232;rent largement &amp;#224; cette r&amp;#233;novation que nous &amp;#233;tudions en ce moment.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Que l&amp;#39;art Byzantin ait germ&amp;#233; alors sur le sol de la France et de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;Allemagne, que son architecture, sa sculpture et sa peinture s&amp;#39;y &lt;br&gt;soient acclimat&amp;#233;es, les his- 19 - toires et les rares monuments de cette &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;poque que le temps ou les Normands ont &amp;#233;pargn&amp;#233;s en font foi.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Sainte Sophie, le chef-d&amp;#39;œuvre, l&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;al . de l&amp;#39;architecture byzantine, a &lt;br&gt;imprim&amp;#233; son cachet sur plusieurs monuments antiques de notre patrie. Les &lt;br&gt;basiliques carlovingiennes de l&amp;#39;&amp;#232;re romano-byzantine lui ont emprunt&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;non seulement ses coupoles, mais aussi ses motifs de d&amp;#233;coration, comme &lt;br&gt;quelques seigneurs francs, plus byzantins que Charlemagne, ont cherch&amp;#233; &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;rivaliser avec les grands dignitaires de l&amp;#39;Orient par leur faste et le &lt;br&gt;luxe de leurs v&amp;#234;tements.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;En l&amp;#39;absence m&amp;#234;me de ces auxiliaires si habiles, l&amp;#39;art national aurait &lt;br&gt;suffi &amp;#224; Charlemagne pour l&amp;#39;ex&amp;#233;cution de ses projets gigantesques : il &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;offrait alors dans toute l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;nergie de sa virilit&amp;#233;. Sans parler des &lt;br&gt;architectes nationaux, comme l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; &amp;#194;nastase qui a trac&amp;#233; les plans de la &lt;br&gt;chapelle d&amp;#39;Aix, les &amp;#233;coles de Limoges avaient h&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; des talents et du &lt;br&gt;savoir-faire de saint Eloi ; ses disciples copiaient ses chefs-d&amp;#39;œuvre, &lt;br&gt;quand ils n&amp;#39;avaient pas un g&amp;#233;nie cr&amp;#233;ateur, et inondaient toute la France &lt;br&gt;de travaux justement admir&amp;#233;s. Dans presque toutes les communaut&amp;#233;s &lt;br&gt;religieuses, des moines, connus sous le nom d&amp;#39;aurifices, &amp;#233;taient initi&amp;#233;s &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; tous les secrets de l&amp;#39;orf&amp;#232;vrerie. Le moine Th&amp;#233;ophile, en exposant la &lt;br&gt;technique de leurs proc&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;s, ne se posait point en inventeur. Des &lt;br&gt;artistes francs os&amp;#232;rent se comparer aux ma&amp;#238;tres de Byzance et de l&amp;#39;Italie.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Quod nulltts veniens Romana e g&amp;#233;nie fcibrivit&lt;p&gt;Soc vir barbarica proie peregit opus.&lt;p&gt;- 13 -&lt;p&gt;Ces deux vers, dans leur rudesse, nous montrent quelle confiance les &lt;br&gt;artistes francs avaient en leur propre talent.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;* Les grands travaux entrepris par Charlemagne, ses largesses &lt;br&gt;incroyables aux &amp;#233;glises de Rome et surtout &amp;#224; la basilique de saint &lt;br&gt;Pierre dont il s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait constitu&amp;#233; l&amp;#39;avou&amp;#233; en acceptant le titre de &lt;br&gt;Patrice, auront leur explication dans une des plus belles conqu&amp;#234;tes de &lt;br&gt;cette &amp;#233;poque.*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;* L&amp;#39;heure du ch&amp;#226;timent^12 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote12sym&amp;gt; avait sonn&amp;#233; pour les &lt;br&gt;barbares spoliateurs de l&amp;#39;Empire romain. Les Huns ou Avares, surpris, &lt;br&gt;accul&amp;#233;s et vaincus dans leurs imp&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;trables rings ou forteresses, par &lt;br&gt;P&amp;#233;pin, fils de Charlemagne, se virent &amp;#224; leur tour d&amp;#233;poss&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;s des tr&amp;#233;sors &lt;br&gt;amoncel&amp;#233;s par leurs p&amp;#232;res. &amp;#171; Jamais, dit Eginard, il n&amp;#39;y avait eu autant &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;or et d&amp;#39;argent chez les Francs qu&amp;#39;au moment o&amp;#249; ils se furent rendus &lt;br&gt;ma&amp;#238;tres de cet immense butin et de ces d&amp;#233;pouilles opimes. A la vue de &lt;br&gt;tant de richesses, ils ont d&amp;#251; se croire bien pauvres jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; ce jour. &amp;#187; *&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;* Mais au lieu de se les approprier, le g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;reux empereur distribua les &lt;br&gt;fruits de ses conqu&amp;#234;tes aux &amp;#233;glises, aux monast&amp;#232;res, &amp;#224; ses officiers et &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; ses guerriers, en r&amp;#233;servant toutefois la plus belle part au Souverain &lt;br&gt;Pontife et &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise de saint Pierre. On ne s&amp;#39;explique bien que par ce &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;veloppement extraordinaire de la richesse publique, cette &lt;br&gt;efflorescence d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glises, de monast&amp;#232;res, de majestueux &amp;#233;difices qui &lt;br&gt;surgissent au sein des solitudes comme au milieu des grandes villes, les &lt;br&gt;inventaires de cath&amp;#233;drales et de -14 - monast&amp;#232;res qui donnent tant &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t aux chroniques qui nous les ont conserv&amp;#233;s. *&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Quelques d&amp;#233;tails sur les constructions de cette &amp;#233;poque nous permettront &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;appr&amp;#233;cier les travaux du IX^e si&amp;#232;cle ; c&amp;#39;est un compl&amp;#233;ment n&amp;#233;cessaire &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; ceux de l&amp;#39;empereur qui ne cesse de stimuler les seigneurs et les &lt;br&gt;princes de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;glise.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ans&amp;#233;gise, abb&amp;#233; de Fontenelle ou saint Wandrille, b&amp;#226;tit un monast&amp;#232;re dont &lt;br&gt;les dimensions ne le c&amp;#232;dent en rien &amp;#224; nos palais modernes. Les offices &lt;br&gt;ou lieux r&amp;#233;guliers forment un vaste quadrilat&amp;#232;re dont chaque face mesure &lt;br&gt;1200 pieds en longueur. Les &amp;#233;difices s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;vent &amp;#224; une hauteur de 61 &lt;br&gt;pieds. Un grand appareil de ma&amp;#231;onnerie en pierres calcaires ciment&amp;#233;es &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;la chaux et au sable, une charpente en cœur de ch&amp;#234;ne, des fen&amp;#234;tres &lt;br&gt;garnies de vitres, des plafonds et des murs richement d&amp;#233;cor&amp;#233;s par un &lt;br&gt;habile peintre de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise de Cambrai, une basilique qui domine la masse &lt;br&gt;des b&amp;#226;timents par une &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;gante pyramide, des vases pr&amp;#233;cieux en or et en &lt;br&gt;argent, des croix d&amp;#39;or merveilleusement travaill&amp;#233;es, des autels dont les &lt;br&gt;tables &amp;#233;taient couvertes de figures d&amp;#39;argent parfaitement cisel&amp;#233;es ; &lt;br&gt;tout nous fera appr&amp;#233;cier de quelle mani&amp;#232;re les Beaux-Arts &amp;#233;taient &lt;br&gt;cultiv&amp;#233;s dans les monast&amp;#232;res.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Saint Beno&amp;#238;t d&amp;#39;Aniane pr&amp;#233;pare avec une magnificence inconnue jusque-l&amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;un monast&amp;#232;re pour mille moines, avec trois &amp;#233;glises et des oratoires &lt;br&gt;diss&amp;#233;min&amp;#233;s dans l&amp;#39;enceinte sacr&amp;#233;e, pour aider au recueillement et &amp;#224; la &lt;br&gt;solitude des hommes de pri&amp;#232;re. Sept cand&amp;#233;labres &amp;#233;taient plac&amp;#233;s autour de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;autel de la principale &amp;#233;glise -16- et rappelaient celui de Salomon par &lt;br&gt;leurs lames d&amp;#39;or, leurs lis, leurs couronnes. Sept lampes d&amp;#39;une &amp;#233;gale &lt;br&gt;richesse ornaient le chœur. Leurs conques ou bassins qu&amp;#39;on remplissait &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;huile r&amp;#233;pandaient, dans les grandes solennit&amp;#233;s, une lumi&amp;#232;re si vive &lt;br&gt;que la nuit &amp;#233;tait pour ainsi dire chang&amp;#233;e en jour.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Le comte Guillaume s&amp;#39;enfuit au d&amp;#233;sert de Gellone dont il fait un nouveau &lt;br&gt;Carmel et qu&amp;#39;il peuple de fervents disciples . L&amp;#39;asile qu&amp;#39;il leur &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#233;pare n&amp;#39;est pas moins remarquable par la richesse des d&amp;#233;corations que &lt;br&gt;par l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;gance des constructions.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ces d&amp;#233;tails deviendraient fastidieux si je les prolongeais. Un mot &lt;br&gt;cependant encore sur les monast&amp;#232;res de Corbie et de Saint-Riquier, les &lt;br&gt;plus beaux fleurons de l&amp;#39;ordre monastique dans notre dioc&amp;#232;se. Deux &lt;br&gt;c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bres ministres de Charlemagne, Adh&amp;#233;lard et Angilbert se sont &lt;br&gt;associ&amp;#233;s avec z&amp;#232;le &amp;#224; leur ma&amp;#238;tre v&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; dans cet immense mouvement de &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;novation.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;L&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; de Corbie b&amp;#226;tit un monast&amp;#232;re pour trois ou quatre cents moines &lt;br&gt;avec trois belles &amp;#233;glises. Sous son gouvernement son abbaye fut appel&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;la Rome des Gaules, &amp;#224; cause des insignes reliques que sa tendre pi&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; y &lt;br&gt;avait rassembl&amp;#233;es de toutes les &amp;#233;glises de la chr&amp;#233;tient&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Angilbert, l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; favori de Charlemagne, - ses historiens ont dit son &lt;br&gt;gendre - ; la Soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; des Antiquaires sait que ce titre serait un &lt;br&gt;mensonge sur mes l&amp;#232;vres, - Angilbert, dis-je, porte le nom de second &lt;br&gt;fondateur de Centule, parce qu&amp;#39;il en renouvela enti&amp;#232;rement les &lt;br&gt;constructions. En 709, on c&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;brait avec - 16 - une grande pompe, en &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#233;sence de douze &amp;#233;v&amp;#234;ques, la D&amp;#233;dicace de trois &amp;#233;glises sur le sol &lt;br&gt;patrimonial l&amp;#233;gu&amp;#233;, par saint Riquier &amp;#224; ses fils spirituels. Un clo&amp;#238;tre &lt;br&gt;triangulaire reliait entre elles les trois basiliques et les &lt;br&gt;appartements destin&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;usage des moines. Le palais abbatial devait &lt;br&gt;bient&amp;#244;t recevoir Charlemagne et sa famille. Les chroniques n&amp;#39;ont garde &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;oublier ; il &amp;#233;tait digne de ces h&amp;#244;tes illustres. Le nouveau &lt;br&gt;monast&amp;#232;re de Centule fut, comme Aix-la-Chapelle, orn&amp;#233; de marbres &lt;br&gt;transport&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; grands frais de l&amp;#39;Italie.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;La basilique de Saint-Sauveur, orn&amp;#233;e de toutes les gr&amp;#226;ces du style &lt;br&gt;byzantin et surmont&amp;#233;e de deux grandes coupoles, aurait &amp;#233;t&amp;#233;, au dire &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;Hariulfe, l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise la plus remarquable de cette &amp;#233;poque. La mosa&amp;#239;que du &lt;br&gt;chœur &amp;#233;tait compos&amp;#233;e de porphyre de diverses couleurs, dont la r&amp;#233;union &lt;br&gt;formait un travail incomparable. Malgr&amp;#233; les d&amp;#233;sastres qu&amp;#39;avait subis le &lt;br&gt;monast&amp;#232;re, elle restait intacte &amp;#224; la fin du 15^e si&amp;#232;cle, et Jean de la &lt;br&gt;Chapelle en &amp;#233;tait tellement &amp;#233;merveill&amp;#233; qu&amp;#39;il ne pouvait s&amp;#39;imaginer qu&amp;#39;il &lt;br&gt;en exist&amp;#226;t une plus belle dans l&amp;#39;univers.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Je renonce &amp;#224; d&amp;#233;crire ici, apr&amp;#232;s saint Angilbert, les travaux ex&amp;#233;cut&amp;#233;s &lt;br&gt;dans les &amp;#233;glises de Centule. Ils s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;vent &amp;#224; plusieurs millions de notre &lt;br&gt;monnaie. Les pr&amp;#233;sents^13 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote13sym&amp;gt; de Charlemagne &amp;#224; son cher &lt;br&gt;Hom&amp;#232;re, les revenus du monast&amp;#232;re, les offrandes d&amp;#233;pos&amp;#233;es au tombeau de &lt;br&gt;saint Riquier, lui procur&amp;#232;rent des ressources suffisantes pour doter ses &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;glises de trois ciborium rev&amp;#234;tus de lames d&amp;#39;or et d&amp;#39;argent, de grands &lt;br&gt;calices d&amp;#39;or, de lampes et de ch&amp;#226;sses d&amp;#39;or et d&amp;#39;argent, d&amp;#39;autels par&amp;#233;s - &lt;br&gt;17 - avec la magnificence que pouvait imaginer l&amp;#39;amour ardent dont parle &lt;br&gt;le Proph&amp;#232;te-Roi: Domine dilexi decorem domus tuœ^14 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote14sym&amp;gt;.&lt;p&gt;Rappelons en terminant que Charlemagne l&amp;#233;gua dans son testament des &lt;br&gt;objets d&amp;#39;art d&amp;#39;un prix inestimable. Nous signalerons particuli&amp;#232;rement &lt;br&gt;trois tables d&amp;#39;argent : la premi&amp;#232;re repr&amp;#233;sentait la ville de &lt;br&gt;Constantinople ; la seconde la ville de Rome ; sur la troisi&amp;#232;me, &lt;br&gt;sup&amp;#233;rieure en poids et en travail, on avait grav&amp;#233; une sph&amp;#232;re compos&amp;#233;e de &lt;br&gt;trois zones qui renfermait la description de l&amp;#39;univers. Ainsi la science &lt;br&gt;et l&amp;#39;art avaient r&amp;#233;uni leurs efforts dans l&amp;#39;ex&amp;#233;cution de ces monuments.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Apr&amp;#232;s ce tableau, et je n&amp;#39;ai fait qu&amp;#39;effleurer la mati&amp;#232;re, il est &lt;br&gt;permis, ce me semble, de compter le plus grand de nos monarques parmi &lt;br&gt;les protecteurs des Beaux-Arts. Les œuvres tant admir&amp;#233;es en leur temps &lt;br&gt;ont disparu &amp;#224; peu pr&amp;#232;s partout. Mais les descriptions abondent dans les &lt;br&gt;vies des saints. Les chroniqueurs ont vu, touch&amp;#233;, contr&amp;#244;l&amp;#233; ce qu&amp;#39;ils &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;crivent. Si le langage de la science leur est moins familier que celui &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;asc&amp;#233;tisme, les &amp;#233;tudes s&amp;#233;rieuses de notre si&amp;#232;cle combleront &lt;br&gt;facilement les lacunes de leurs &amp;#233;crits. Bient&amp;#244;t, je l&amp;#39;esp&amp;#232;re, l&amp;#39;histoire &lt;br&gt;de Charlemagne ne contiendra plus seulement le r&amp;#233;cit d&amp;#39;h&amp;#233;ro&amp;#239;ques faits &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;armes, mais aussi celui de ses pacifiques conqu&amp;#234;tes dans les r&amp;#233;gions &lt;br&gt;encore inexplor&amp;#233;es des Sciences et des Beaux-Arts^15 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote15sym&amp;gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;notes de page&lt;br&gt;Cyvard mariette&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;1 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote1anc&amp;gt;Un petit patrimoine, une fortune suffisante, les &lt;br&gt;douceurs d&amp;#39;une petite aisance... Vers du po&amp;#232;te Horace&lt;p&gt;2 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote2anc&amp;gt;&amp;#171; La terre natale nous attire tous par je ne sais &lt;br&gt;quelle douceur. &amp;#187; Ovide. /Pontiques/. I.I.35&lt;p&gt;3 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote3anc&amp;gt; Ce premier trait est int&amp;#233;ressant puisque seul le &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;christianisme &amp;#187; &amp;#233;tait aux commandes, dans tous les domaines de la Picardie.&lt;p&gt;4 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote4anc&amp;gt;Serait-il possible d&amp;#39;affirmer que les barbares &lt;br&gt;appr&amp;#233;ciaient particuli&amp;#232;rement de se venger des massacres commis par nos &lt;br&gt;ap&amp;#244;tres chr&amp;#233;tiens, par pros&amp;#233;lytisme et avidit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;5 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote5anc&amp;gt;En posant les pierres d&amp;#39;un tel empire, il enterrait &lt;br&gt;par la m&amp;#234;me occasion toute &amp;#171; opposition &amp;#187; &amp;#224; ses conceptions.&lt;p&gt;6 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote6anc&amp;gt; J&amp;#39;appr&amp;#233;cie cette formulation toute cl&amp;#233;ricale, pour &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#39;interroger sur le fait qu&amp;#39;une institution, pour se prot&amp;#233;ger, puisse &lt;br&gt;interdire, de fait, tout progr&amp;#232;s &amp;#171; incompatible &amp;#187; avec ses institutions. &lt;br&gt;A-t-elle d&amp;#233;velopp&amp;#233; un enseignement de base?&lt;p&gt;7 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote7anc&amp;gt;Ne serait-il pas &amp;#233;tabli que les Normands s&amp;#39;en &lt;br&gt;prenaient au christianisme et &amp;#224; tout ce qui le repr&amp;#233;sentait parce que &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;empereur des Francs passait au fil de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;p&amp;#233;e ou au rouleau compresseur &lt;br&gt;toute id&amp;#233;ologie contraire &amp;#224; Son Christianisme et an&amp;#233;antissait tout ce &lt;br&gt;qui ne se convertissait pas au christianisme?&lt;p&gt;8 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote8anc&amp;gt;/Alcuin/ d&amp;#39;York, en vieil anglais Ealhwine, latinis&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;Albinus&lt;p&gt;9 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote9anc&amp;gt;Dans le m&amp;#234;me temps, quelles sommes consacrait-on aux &lt;br&gt;hommes ?&lt;p&gt;10 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote10anc&amp;gt; Cette th&amp;#233;orie sur le besoin d&amp;#39;Admiration &lt;br&gt;pouvait-elle autant n&amp;#233;gliger les besoins de base ?&lt;p&gt;11 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote11anc&amp;gt;Le sang de quatre mille cinq cents Saxons sur la &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#234;me place pouvait aider en rappelant les plaies du Christ, ses &lt;br&gt;ma&amp;#238;tresses lui ont donn&amp;#233; des enfants... dans le lot, ajoutons que ses &lt;br&gt;propres filles... ce bon prince sut confier l&amp;#39;autorit&amp;#233; temporelle et la &lt;br&gt;juridiction civile aux &amp;#233;v&amp;#234;ques, lesquels n&amp;#39;h&amp;#233;sit&amp;#232;rent pas &amp;#224; d&amp;#233;pouiller &lt;br&gt;son fils Louis... Excellent l&amp;#233;gislateur, les d&amp;#233;mons ayant publi&amp;#233; dans &lt;br&gt;les airs que ceux qui ne payaient pas la d&amp;#238;me avaient caus&amp;#233; la disette, &lt;br&gt;ce bon Charlemagne augmenta cet imp&amp;#244;t!&lt;p&gt;12 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote12anc&amp;gt;Ainsi, se trouver vaincu s&amp;#39;est &amp;#234;tre ch&amp;#226;ti&amp;#233;, et &lt;br&gt;Rome, et les arm&amp;#233;es Romaines qui &amp;#233;taient parties prenantes dans &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tablissement du martyrologe chr&amp;#233;tien devait &amp;#234;tre veng&amp;#233;es, la logique &lt;br&gt;est une logique de raisonnement. Un homme qui se bat pour son pays, pour &lt;br&gt;sa libert&amp;#233;, s&amp;#39;il n&amp;#39;est chr&amp;#233;tien m&amp;#233;rite donc un Ch&amp;#226;timent! L&amp;#39;empereur &lt;br&gt;voleur des Saxons, mais le droit par la conqu&amp;#234;te prime tout, pillard des &lt;br&gt;Avares, devenait bienfaiteur de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise ! Rome absous le crime de celui &lt;br&gt;qui sert les int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;ts de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise!&lt;p&gt;13 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote13anc&amp;gt;Pourrait-on encore s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tonner que les Normands aient &lt;br&gt;manifest&amp;#233; le d&amp;#233;sir de r&amp;#233;cup&amp;#233;rer une partie de leurs &amp;#171; tr&amp;#233;sors &amp;#187;?&lt;p&gt;14 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote14anc&amp;gt;Seigneur j&amp;#39;ai aim&amp;#233; par dessus tout la beaut&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;votre maison&lt;p&gt;15 &amp;lt;#sdfootnote15anc&amp;gt;L&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; nous dresse une r&amp;#233;clame, autre mot pour &lt;br&gt;publicit&amp;#233; on commence &amp;#224; dire communication, de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise et de &lt;br&gt;Charlemagne. Quelques traits sont savoureux de mauvaise foi toute &lt;br&gt;chr&amp;#233;tienne. Lorsque l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise justifie ainsi les comportements d&amp;#39;un grand &lt;br&gt;&amp;#171; capitaine &amp;#187; qui la sert en superstitieux soumis &amp;#224; la voix des pr&amp;#234;tres, &lt;br&gt;lorsque l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise d&amp;#233;signe la science et les arts qui pourraient &lt;br&gt;compromettre l&amp;#39;institution, il devient possible de s&amp;#39;interroger sur le &lt;br&gt;pouvoir, confi&amp;#233; &amp;#224; une institution, &amp;#224; un homme, sur l&amp;#39;exercice qui peut &lt;br&gt;&amp;#234;tre fait de ce pouvoir mis, volontairement ou non, entre les mains d&amp;#39;un &lt;br&gt;fanatique qui arme d&amp;#39;autres fanatiques.&lt;p&gt;Lorsque la nation trouve des candidats &amp;#224; une &amp;#233;lection qui cherchent &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;&amp;#234;tre &amp;#233;lu par des voix fanatiques, ladite nation est en danger!&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;heure de l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233; n&amp;#39;est pas &amp;#224; s&amp;#39;abaisser devant une institution, un &lt;br&gt;fanatisme quelconque, elle est &amp;#224; construire la dignit&amp;#233; humaine et &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;respecter et faire respecter cette dignit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Les admirateurs des pillards, des voleurs d&amp;#39;hier sont les tortionnaires &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;aujourd&amp;#39;hui!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-7783543511751722494?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7783543511751722494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7783543511751722494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/10/discours-et-communication-publicite-et.html' title='discours et communication, publicité et orientation de l&apos;histoire'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-5331760239469180974</id><published>2009-10-21T08:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-21T11:01:26.956-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Annonay Francs-maçons 18e  siècle</title><content type='html'>Soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;s savantes du lyonnais&lt;br&gt;S&amp;#233;ance du 4 mars 1902, - Pr&amp;#233;sidence de M. Bondet. - M. Rostaing, membre &lt;br&gt;correspondant, donne lecture d&amp;#39;une notice sur la franc-ma&amp;#231;onnerie &amp;#224;  &lt;br&gt;Annonay, sous  le r&amp;#232;gne de Louis XVI, d&amp;#39;apr&amp;#232;s les registres des loges &lt;br&gt;ma&amp;#231;onniques de cette ville, &amp;#224;  la fin du XVIIIe si&amp;#232;cle. A cette &amp;#233;poque, &lt;br&gt;deux loges existaient &amp;#224; Annonay : la Vraie Vertu et la Vraie Amiti&amp;#233;. &lt;br&gt;L&amp;#39;une et l&amp;#39;autre &amp;#233;taient profond&amp;#233;ment imbues des id&amp;#233;es philosophiques du &lt;br&gt;XVIIIe si&amp;#232;cle, mais sans aucun sentiment de haine pour la religion. &lt;br&gt;Chaque loge se composait de quarante affili&amp;#233;s, appartenant &amp;#224;  la &lt;br&gt;noblesse, &amp;#224;  la magistrature et au Commerce. Deux chanoines m&amp;#234;me en &lt;br&gt;faisaient partie. Mais Tune et l&amp;#39;autre demeuraient ferm&amp;#233;es &amp;#224;  la classe &lt;br&gt;ouvri&amp;#232;re Leurs travaux &amp;#233;taient de deux ordres diff&amp;#233;rents. La premi&amp;#232;re &lt;br&gt;partie comprenait la communication de m&amp;#233;moires et de la correspondance; &lt;br&gt;la seconde, ce qu&amp;#39;on appelait les travaux humides, c&amp;#39;est-&amp;#224;-dire les &lt;br&gt;banquets et les f&amp;#234;tes solennelles, o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;on c&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;brait notamment les noces &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;or des membres importants. De nombreux documents d&amp;#233;montrent que l&amp;#39;on &lt;br&gt;ne s&amp;#39;occupait point de politique au sein des loges, et, en toute &lt;br&gt;occasion, on y rend hommage &amp;#224;  la royaut&amp;#233;. La philanthropie, qui &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#233;duisit beaucoup de gens, y joue surtout un grand r&amp;#244;le. Et quand vint &lt;br&gt;la R&amp;#233;volution, les loges d&amp;#39;Annonay entr&amp;#232;rent en lutte ouverte avec les &lt;br&gt;clubs et les Jacobins. Mais, sous la Terreur, ses membres durent se &lt;br&gt;disperser, et ce n&amp;#39;est qu&amp;#39;en 1806 que la loge de la Vraie Amiti&amp;#233; put se &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;tablir. L&amp;#39;orateur, en terminant, fait observer qu&amp;#39;au XVIIIe si&amp;#232;cle, &lt;br&gt;les adeptes des loges ne faisaient point preuve d&amp;#39;ath&amp;#233;isme. Mais, depuis &lt;br&gt;cette &amp;#233;poque, un grand changement s&amp;#39;est produit, au sein des loges &lt;br&gt;fran&amp;#231;aises, pendant que les loges anglaises ont gard&amp;#233; un profond respect &lt;br&gt;pour les croyances religieuses des membres qui les composent.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-5331760239469180974?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5331760239469180974'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/5331760239469180974'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/10/annonay-francs-macons-18e-siecle.html' title='Annonay Francs-maçons 18e  siècle'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-8943299194210485348</id><published>2009-09-25T04:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-26T02:43:25.505-07:00</updated><title type='text'>saint-martin chateaubriand faria gall</title><content type='html'>Comment r&amp;#233;sister &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;ironie, &amp;#224; la moquerie, en certains domaines ?&lt;p&gt;Voici un exemple classique concernant Louis-Claude Saint-Martin le &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;philosophe inconnu &amp;#187; et le grand Chateaubriand, l&amp;#39;homme qui ne peut &lt;br&gt;sacrifier deux pages &amp;#233;crites par sa plume pour rectifier un jugement.&lt;p&gt;Je ne r&amp;#233;siste pas au plaisir personnel de vous donner mon petit &lt;br&gt;commentaire d&amp;#39;autant qu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; Saint-Martin s&amp;#39;ajoutent d&amp;#39;autres objets de &lt;br&gt;moquerie de la part de l&amp;#39;homme qui &amp;#171; &amp;#233;crit d&amp;#39;outre-tombe &amp;#187; sur ceux &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;il ne conna&amp;#238;t, semble-t-il, qu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; travers des conversations mondaines.&lt;p&gt;Premier point &amp;#224; &amp;#233;lucider quels sont les objectifs des trois hommes ?&lt;p&gt;Lcsm et Chateaubriand sur l&amp;#39;entremise du Peintre Neveu[1] &amp;lt;#_ftn1&amp;gt;&lt;p&gt;Pour Neveu, notre imagination peut nous conduire &amp;#224; faire se rencontrer &lt;br&gt;deux hommes qui pourraient avoir des &amp;#171; points communs &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;Lcsm veut-il &amp;#171; recruter &amp;#187; un adepte ?&lt;p&gt;Pour Chateaubriand, l&amp;#39;imagination permet moins de facilit&amp;#233;s.&lt;p&gt;Il est int&amp;#233;ressant &amp;#224; lire les lignes qui suivent de constater la mode &lt;br&gt;qui veut que l&amp;#39;on re&amp;#231;oive, dans certaine soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;, les hommes de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;trange. Lcsm certes, mais encore Gall, mais encore Faria, mais …&lt;p&gt;Int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t, utilisation de &amp;#171; bouffons &amp;#187; pour amuser &amp;#171; la bonne soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &amp;#187;, &lt;br&gt;servir la soupe &amp;#224; la fascination de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;trange, de l&amp;#39;inconnu… ?&lt;p&gt;Norme de la pens&amp;#233;e pr&amp;#233;con&amp;#231;ue, l&amp;#39;homme de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;trange est objet de &lt;br&gt;moquerie. Le mot facile est vidang&amp;#233; sur celui qui, charlatan ou homme de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;art, tente une approche &amp;#171; diff&amp;#233;rente &amp;#187; de la vie sociale.&lt;p&gt;Chateaubriand est aussi dans son r&amp;#244;le de d&amp;#233;fenseur de valeurs du &lt;br&gt;catholicisme quand il moque les &amp;#171; h&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;tiques &amp;#187;. Toutefois, en leur &lt;br&gt;accordant un &amp;#171; espace vital &amp;#187;, il leur permet de sortir de la nasse &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;serv&amp;#233;e aux h&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;tiques, la nasse de la mort sociale, la nasse de la &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;rision, la nasse du non-&amp;#234;tre.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#224; se situe tout le nœud de ces n&amp;#233;cessaires moqueries d&amp;#39;enfants. Ils ne &lt;br&gt;savent pas, ils refusent de savoir, ils rejettent la possibilit&amp;#233;… ils &lt;br&gt;acceptent les miracles, ils acceptent les anges et les d&amp;#233;mons, ils &lt;br&gt;acceptent l&amp;#39;infaillibilit&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;un homme. Une approche diff&amp;#233;rente du monde &lt;br&gt;de leur approche de leur monde est mise hors limites. Charlatans, fous, &lt;br&gt;… il est interdit de supposer que par vos propos une qu&amp;#234;te de l&amp;#39;humain &lt;br&gt;soit possible. Le miracle de la sainte Messe est possible, la tentative &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;un lcsm d&amp;#39;aborder le monde sous l&amp;#39;aspect de l&amp;#39;humain est une &lt;br&gt;impossibilit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;ath&amp;#233;e tient de semblables raisonnements. La mati&amp;#232;re permet la pens&amp;#233;e, &lt;br&gt;selon lui. Ni &amp;#226;me, ni esprit ne se trouvent dans la mati&amp;#232;re.&lt;p&gt;Rejoignons un Chateaubriand, qui parait affam&amp;#233; de bruits spiritalistes &lt;br&gt;(le mot spiritisme sera invent&amp;#233; par Rivail alias Kardec), moqueur et &lt;br&gt;parce qu&amp;#39;il aura re&amp;#231;u son encensement &amp;#171; revenant &amp;#187; &amp;#224; une mesure de propos.&lt;p&gt;Question m&amp;#233;dicale : le mot th&amp;#233;omane qualifiait une maladie mentale, le &lt;br&gt;mot ath&amp;#233;omane a-t-il jamais qualifi&amp;#233; la maladie de l&amp;#39;ath&amp;#233;e qui per&amp;#231;oit &lt;br&gt;la seule mati&amp;#232;re, m&amp;#234;me dans l&amp;#39;amour, et le seul raisonnement pour &lt;br&gt;acc&amp;#233;der &amp;#224; toute chose et &amp;#224; tout &amp;#234;tre ?&lt;br&gt;Mariette Cyvard&lt;p&gt;M&amp;#233;moires d&amp;#39;outre-tombe - Page 300 &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;a href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=YUU0AAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Saint-Martin+philosophe+inconnu&amp;amp;dq=Saint-Martin+philosophe+inconnu&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;client=firefox-a"&gt;http://books.google.fr/books?id=YUU0AAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Saint-Martin+philosophe+inconnu&amp;amp;dq=Saint-Martin+philosophe+inconnu&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;client=firefox-a&lt;/a&gt;&amp;gt; &lt;br&gt;de Fran&amp;#231;ois-Ren&amp;#233; Chateaubriand – 1910 vol. 2&lt;p&gt;… Madame de Clermont-Tonnerre m&amp;#39;attira chez elle. Nous avions une &lt;br&gt;grand&amp;#39;m&amp;#232;re commune, et elle voulait bien m&amp;#39;appeler son cousin. Veuve du &lt;br&gt;comte de Clermont-Tonnerre [300][2] &amp;lt;#_ftn2&amp;gt;^1 , elle se remaria depuis &lt;br&gt;au marquis de Talaru[3] &amp;lt;#_ftn3&amp;gt; ^2 . Elle avait, en prison, converti M. &lt;br&gt;de La Harpe[4] &amp;lt;#_ftn4&amp;gt; ^3 . Ce fut par elle que je connus le peintre &lt;br&gt;Neveu, enr&amp;#244;l&amp;#233; au nombre de ses cavaliers servants ; Neveu me mit un &lt;br&gt;moment en rapport avec Saint-Martin.&lt;p&gt;M. de Saint-Martin[5] &amp;lt;#_ftn5&amp;gt; ^4 avait cru trouver dans Atala certain &lt;br&gt;argot dont je ne me doutais pas, et qui lui prouvait une affinit&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;doctrines avec moi. Neveu, afin de lier deux fr&amp;#232;res, nous donna &amp;#224; d&amp;#238;ner &lt;br&gt;dans une chambre haute qu&amp;#39;il habitait dans les communs du &lt;br&gt;Palais-Bourbon. J&amp;#39;arrivai au rendez-vous &amp;#224; six heures ; le philosophe du &lt;br&gt;ciel &amp;#233;tait &amp;#224; son poste. A sept [301] heures, un valet discret posa un &lt;br&gt;potage sur la table, se retira et ferma la porte. Nous nous ass&amp;#238;mes et &lt;br&gt;nous commen&amp;#231;&amp;#226;mes &amp;#224; manger en silence. M. de Saint-Martin, qui, &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;ailleurs, avait de tr&amp;#232;s-belles fa&amp;#231;ons, ne pronon&amp;#231;ait que de courtes &lt;br&gt;paroles d&amp;#39;oracle. Neveu r&amp;#233;pondait par des exclamations, avec des &lt;br&gt;attitudes et des grimaces de peintre ; je ne disais mot,&lt;p&gt;Au bout d&amp;#39;une demi-heure, le n&amp;#233;cromant rentra, enleva la soupe, et mit &lt;br&gt;un autre plat sur la table : les mets se succ&amp;#233;d&amp;#232;rent ainsi un &amp;#224; un et &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;de longues distances, M, de Saint-Martin, s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;chauffant peu &amp;#224; peu, se mit &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; parler en fa&amp;#231;on d&amp;#39;archange ; plus il parlait, plus son langage &lt;br&gt;devenait t&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;breux. Neveu m&amp;#39;avait insinu&amp;#233;, en me serrant la main, que &lt;br&gt;nous verrions des choses extraordinaires, que nous entendrions des &lt;br&gt;bruits : depuis six mortelles heures, j&amp;#39;&amp;#233;coutais et je ne d&amp;#233;couvrais &lt;br&gt;rien. A minuit, l&amp;#39;homme des visions se l&amp;#232;ve tout &amp;#224; coup : je crus que &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;esprit des t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres ou l&amp;#39;esprit divin descendait, que les sonnettes &lt;br&gt;allaient faire retentir les myst&amp;#233;rieux corridors ; mais M. de &lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin d&amp;#233;clara qu&amp;#39;il &amp;#233;tait &amp;#233;puis&amp;#233;, et que nous reprendrions la &lt;br&gt;conversation une autre fois; il mit son chapeau et s&amp;#39;en alla. &lt;br&gt;Malheureusement pour lui, il fut arr&amp;#234;t&amp;#233; &amp;#224; la porte et forc&amp;#233; de rentrer &lt;br&gt;par une visite inattendue : n&amp;#233;anmoins, il ne tarda pas &amp;#224; dispara&amp;#238;tre. Je &lt;br&gt;ne l&amp;#39;ai jamais revu : il courut mourir dans le jardin de M. &lt;br&gt;Lenoir-Laroche, mon voisin d&amp;#39;Aulnay[6] &amp;lt;#_ftn6&amp;gt;.&lt;p&gt;[302]&lt;p&gt;Je suis un sujet rebelle pour le Swedenborgisme : l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; Faria[7] &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#_ftn7&amp;gt; ^1 , &amp;#224; un d&amp;#238;ner chez madame de Custine, se vanta de tuer un &lt;br&gt;serin en le magn&amp;#233;tisant : le serin fut le plus fort, et l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233;, hors de &lt;br&gt;lui, fut oblig&amp;#233; de quitter la partie, de peur d&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre tu&amp;#233; par le serin : &lt;br&gt;chr&amp;#233;tien, ma seule pr&amp;#233;sence avait rendu le tr&amp;#233;pied impuissant.&lt;p&gt;Une autre fois, le c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre Gall[8] &amp;lt;#_ftn8&amp;gt; ^2 , toujours chez madame de &lt;br&gt;Custine, dina pr&amp;#232;s de moi sans me conna&amp;#238;tre, se trompa sur mon angle &lt;br&gt;facial, me prit pour une grenouille, et voulut, quand il sut qui &lt;br&gt;j&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tais, raccommoder sa science d&amp;#39;une mani&amp;#232;re dont j&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tais honteux pour &lt;br&gt;lui. La forme de la t&amp;#234;te peut aider &amp;#224; distinguer [303] le sexe dans les &lt;br&gt;individus, &amp;#224; indiquer ce qui appartient &amp;#224; la b&amp;#234;te, aux passions animales &lt;br&gt;; quant aux facult&amp;#233;s intellectuelles, la phr&amp;#233;nologie en ignorera &lt;br&gt;toujours. Si l&amp;#39;on pouvait rassembler les cr&amp;#226;nes divers des grands hommes &lt;br&gt;morts depuis le commencement du monde, et qu&amp;#39;on les m&amp;#238;t sous les yeux &lt;br&gt;des phr&amp;#233;nologistes sans leur dire &amp;#224; qui ils ont appartenu, ils &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;enverraient pas un cerveau &amp;#224; son adresse : l&amp;#39;examen des bosses &lt;br&gt;produirait les m&amp;#233;prises les plus comiques.&lt;p&gt;Il me prend un remords : j&amp;#39;ai parl&amp;#233; de M. de Saint-Martin avec un peu de &lt;br&gt;moquerie, je m&amp;#39;en repens. Cette moquerie, que je repousse &lt;br&gt;continuellement et qui me revient sans cesse, me met en souffrance ; car &lt;br&gt;je hais l&amp;#39;esprit satirique comme &amp;#233;tant l&amp;#39;esprit le plus petit, le plus &lt;br&gt;commun et le plus facile de tous ; bien entendu que je ne fais pas ici &lt;br&gt;le proc&amp;#232;s &amp;#224; la haute com&amp;#233;die. M. de Saint-Martin &amp;#233;tait, en dernier &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;sultat, un homme d&amp;#39;un grand m&amp;#233;rite, d&amp;#39;un caract&amp;#232;re noble et &lt;br&gt;ind&amp;#233;pendant. Quand ses id&amp;#233;es &amp;#233;taient explicables, elles &amp;#233;taient &amp;#233;lev&amp;#233;es &lt;br&gt;et d&amp;#39;une nature sup&amp;#233;rieure. Ne devrais-je pas le sacrifice des deux &lt;br&gt;pages pr&amp;#233;c&amp;#233;dentes &amp;#224; la g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;reuse et beaucoup trop flatteuse d&amp;#233;claration &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;auteur du /Portrait de M. de Saint-Martin fait par lui-m&amp;#234;me*[9]* &lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;#_ftn9&amp;gt;/ ^1 ? Je ne balancerais pas &amp;#224; les effacer, si ce que je dis &lt;br&gt;pouvait nuire le moins du monde &amp;#224; la renomm&amp;#233;e grave de M. de &lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin et &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;estime qui s&amp;#39;attachera toujours &amp;#224; sa m&amp;#233;moire. Je &lt;br&gt;vois du reste avec plaisir que mes souvenirs ne m&amp;#39;avaient pas tromp&amp;#233; : &lt;br&gt;M. de Saint- Martin n&amp;#39;a pas pu &amp;#234;tre tout &amp;#224; [304] fait frapp&amp;#233; de la m&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;mani&amp;#232;re que moi dans le d&amp;#238;ner dont je parle ; mais on voit que je &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;avais pas invent&amp;#233; la sc&amp;#232;ne et que le r&amp;#233;cit de M. de Saint-Martin &lt;br&gt;ressemble au mien par le fond,&lt;p&gt;&amp;#171; Le 27 janvier 1803, dit-il, j&amp;#39;ai eu une entrevue &amp;#171; avec M. de &lt;br&gt;Chateaubriand dans un d&amp;#238;ner arrang&amp;#233; pour cela, chez M. Neveu, &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;cole &lt;br&gt;polytechnique[10] &amp;lt;#_ftn10&amp;gt; ^1 . J&amp;#39;aurais beaucoup gagn&amp;#233; &amp;#224; le conna&amp;#238;tre &lt;br&gt;plus t&amp;#244;t : c&amp;#39;est le seul homme de lettres honn&amp;#234;te avec qui je me sois &lt;br&gt;trouv&amp;#233; en pr&amp;#233;sence depuis que j&amp;#39;existe, et encore n&amp;#39;ai-je joui de sa &lt;br&gt;conversation que pendant le repas. Car aussit&amp;#244;t apr&amp;#232;s parut une visite &lt;br&gt;qui le rendit muet pour le reste de la s&amp;#233;ance, et je ne sais quand &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;occasion pourra rena&amp;#238;tre, parce que le roi de ce monde a grand soin de &lt;br&gt;mettre des b&amp;#226;tons dans les roues de ma carriole. Au reste, de qui ai-je &lt;br&gt;besoin, except&amp;#233; de Dieu ? &amp;#187;&lt;p&gt;M. de Saint-Martin vaut mille fois mieux que moi ; la dignit&amp;#233; de sa &lt;br&gt;derni&amp;#232;re phrase &amp;#233;crase du poids d&amp;#39;une nature s&amp;#233;rieuse ma raillerie &lt;br&gt;inoffensive.&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;p&gt;[1] &amp;lt;#_ftnref1&amp;gt; La jeune R&amp;#233;publique donne mission aux deux &lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;instituteurs&amp;quot; de dessin d&amp;#39;art et d&amp;#39;architecture, le peintre Neveu, &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;ing&amp;#233;nieur-architecte Louis Baltard, par la voix de la Commission des &lt;br&gt;travaux publics, d&amp;#39;emprunter sur le fonds des biens saisis et mis sous &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#233;questre lors des ann&amp;#233;es pr&amp;#233;c&amp;#233;dentes, tout ce dont ils pouvaient avoir &lt;br&gt;besoin dans le cadre de leur enseignement. Ce fonds constitue un des &lt;br&gt;patrimoines de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;cole Polytechnique.&lt;p&gt;Lorsque l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;cole Polytechnique fut fond&amp;#233;e, par d&amp;#233;cret de la Convention, &lt;br&gt;il &amp;#233;tait n&amp;#233;cessaire d&amp;#39;organiser le cours sans retard et de rassembler &lt;br&gt;les instruments de travail utiles &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;enseignement. Aussi, les premiers &lt;br&gt;professeurs furent autoris&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; faire leur choix aux magasins form&amp;#233;s par &lt;br&gt;les saisies d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;migr&amp;#233;s et les d&amp;#233;bris des collections d&amp;#39;acad&amp;#233;mies &lt;br&gt;dissoutes. A c&amp;#244;t&amp;#233; de pr&amp;#233;cieux instruments de physique, de mod&amp;#232;les de &lt;br&gt;marine, de machines, les d&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;gu&amp;#233;s de l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;cole se firent d&amp;#233;livrer, avec &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;assentiment de la &amp;#171; Commission temporaire des arts &amp;#187;, des dessins, &lt;br&gt;gravures, moulages et œuvres d&amp;#39;art. C&amp;#39;est ainsi que le peintre Neveu, &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;instituteur de dessin &amp;#187;, emporta du d&amp;#233;p&amp;#244;t de Nesle plus de trois cents &lt;br&gt;dessins et gravures, que Baltard, &amp;#171; instituteur d&amp;#39;architecture &amp;#187;, puisa &lt;br&gt;dans les portefeuilles de l&amp;#39;ancienne Acad&amp;#233;mie d&amp;#39;architecture et que les &lt;br&gt;biblioth&amp;#233;caires ramass&amp;#232;rent d&amp;#39;excellents volumes aux &amp;#171; d&amp;#233;p&amp;#244;ts &lt;br&gt;litt&amp;#233;raires &amp;#187;. Plus tard, en 1797 et 179S, Monge fit donner &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#201;cole &lt;br&gt;des curiosit&amp;#233;s scientifiques et des livres, parmi les objets abandonn&amp;#233;s &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; la France par le pape au trait&amp;#233; de Tolentino.&lt;p&gt;[2] &amp;lt;#_ftnref2&amp;gt; /1. Stanislas-Marie-Ad&amp;#233;la&amp;#239;de, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre &lt;br&gt;(1757-1792), l&amp;#39;un des membres les plus &amp;#233;loquents de l&amp;#39;Assembl&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;constituante. Le 10 ao&amp;#251;t 1792, une troupe arm&amp;#233;e p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;tra dans son h&amp;#244;tel, &lt;br&gt;sous pr&amp;#233;texte d&amp;#39;y chercher des armes. Conduit &amp;#224; la section, il fut &lt;br&gt;frapp&amp;#233; en chemin d&amp;#39;un coup de feu tir&amp;#233; &amp;#224; bout portant ; il se r&amp;#233;fugia &lt;br&gt;dans l&amp;#39;h&amp;#244;tel de Brissac, o&amp;#249; la populace le poursuivit et le massacra./&lt;p&gt;[3] &amp;lt;#_ftnref3&amp;gt; /2. Louis-Justin-Marie, marquis de Talaru (1769-1850). &lt;br&gt;Il fut quelque temps, sous la Restauration, ambassadeur de France &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;Madrid. Nomm&amp;#233; pair de France, le 17 ao&amp;#251;t 1815, par la m&amp;#234;me ordonnance &lt;br&gt;que Chateaubriand, il si&amp;#233;gea dans la Chambre haute jusqu&amp;#39;au 24 f&amp;#233;vrier &lt;br&gt;1848./&lt;p&gt;[4] &amp;lt;#_ftnref4&amp;gt; /3. On lit dans la Vie de M. Emery, par l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; Gosselin, &lt;br&gt;t. I, p. 130 : &amp;#171; Mme la comtesse Stanislas de Clermont-Tonnerre, &lt;br&gt;incarc&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;e au Luxembourg avec La Harpe, avait &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; l&amp;#39;instrument dont Dieu &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait servi pour la conversion de ce litt&amp;#233;rateur. Ce fait, rapport&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;sur un simple ou&amp;#239;-dire par M. Michaud, dans la Biographie universelle &lt;br&gt;(Suppl&amp;#233;ment, article Talaru), est positivement attest&amp;#233; par M. Clausel de &lt;br&gt;Coussergues, dans sa lettre &amp;#224; M. Paillon, du 20 mars 1843. &amp;#187;/&lt;p&gt;[5] &amp;lt;#_ftnref5&amp;gt; /4. Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, dit le Philosophe &lt;br&gt;inconnu (1743-1803). Ses principaux ouvrages sont l&amp;#39;Homme de d&amp;#233;sir et le &lt;br&gt;Minist&amp;#232;re de l&amp;#39;Homme-Esprit. Il avait publi&amp;#233; en 1799 un po&amp;#232;me intitul&amp;#233; : &lt;br&gt;Le Crocodile ou la Guerre du bien et du mal, arriv&amp;#233;e sous le r&amp;#232;gne de &lt;br&gt;Louis XV, po&amp;#232;me &amp;#233;pico-magique en cent-deux chants, par un amateur de &lt;br&gt;choses cach&amp;#233;es. /&lt;p&gt;[6] &amp;lt;#_ftnref6&amp;gt; /1. Jean-Jacques Lenoir-Laroche (1749-1825), avocat, &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233; de Paris aux &amp;#201;tats-G&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;raux, ministre de la police du 16 au 28 &lt;br&gt;juillet 1797, d&amp;#233;put&amp;#233; de la Seine au Conseil des Anciens (1798-1799), &lt;br&gt;membre du S&amp;#233;nat conservateur (1799-1814). Napol&amp;#233;on l&amp;#39;avait fait comte, &lt;br&gt;Louis XVIII le fit pair de France d&amp;#232;s le 4 juin 1814, et, par ordonnance &lt;br&gt;du 31 ao&amp;#251;t 1817, d&amp;#233;cida que la dignit&amp;#233;/ /de pair serait h&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;ditaire dans &lt;br&gt;sa famille. Chateaubriand aurait pu apprendre de son voisin d&amp;#39;Aulnay &lt;br&gt;comment on peut cultiver, sous tous les gouvernements, l&amp;#39;Art de garder &lt;br&gt;ses places./&lt;p&gt;[7] &amp;lt;#_ftnref7&amp;gt; /1. L&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; Joseph Faria ^et non Furia, comme on l&amp;#39;a &lt;br&gt;imprim&amp;#233; dans toutes les &amp;#233;ditions des M&amp;#233;moires), n&amp;#233; &amp;#224; Goa (Indes &lt;br&gt;orientales) vers 1755, mort &amp;#224;, Paris en 1819. Il avait acquis comme &lt;br&gt;magn&amp;#233;tiseur une r&amp;#233;putation qui lui valut d&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre mis &amp;#224; la sc&amp;#232;ne, dans un &lt;br&gt;vaudeville intitul&amp;#233; la Magn&amp;#233;tisniomanie. Tout Paris voulut voir l&amp;#39;abb&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;Faria sous les traits de l&amp;#39;acteur Potier. Apr&amp;#232;s le th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre, le roman. &lt;br&gt;Dans le Comte de Monte-Cristo, d&amp;#39;Alexandre Dumas, le c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre magn&amp;#233;tiseur &lt;br&gt;joue un r&amp;#244;le important. Le romancier le fait mourir au ch&amp;#226;teau d&amp;#39;If./&lt;p&gt;[8] &amp;lt;#_ftnref8&amp;gt; /2. Fran&amp;#231;ois-Joseph Gall (1758-1828), c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre m&amp;#233;decin &lt;br&gt;allemand, n&amp;#233; &amp;#224; Tiefenbrunn, pr&amp;#232;s de Pforzheim (grand-duch&amp;#233; de Bade). Il &lt;br&gt;fut naturalis&amp;#233; fran&amp;#231;ais le 29 septembre 1819. L&amp;#39;un des cr&amp;#233;ateurs de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;anatomie du cerveau, il fonda sur un ensemble d&amp;#39;observations exactes &lt;br&gt;et d&amp;#39;applications hasard&amp;#233;es la pr&amp;#233;tendue science de la phr&amp;#233;nologie, qui &lt;br&gt;fit tant de bruit, dans les premi&amp;#232;res ann&amp;#233;es de ce si&amp;#232;cle, parmi les &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#233;decins et les philosophes. Son principal ouvrage, paru de 1810 &amp;#224; 1818 &lt;br&gt;en 4 volumes in-4&amp;#176;, accompagn&amp;#233;s de 100 planches, a pour titre : Anatomie &lt;br&gt;et physiologie du syst&amp;#232;me nerveux en g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral et du cerveau en &lt;br&gt;particulier, contenant &amp;#171; des observations sur la possibilit&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;reconna&amp;#238;tre plusieurs dispositions intellectuelles et morales de l&amp;#39;homme &lt;br&gt;et des animaux par la configuration de leur t&amp;#234;te &amp;#187;./&lt;p&gt;[9] &amp;lt;#_ftnref9&amp;gt; /Mon portrait historique et philosophique, par M. de &lt;br&gt;Saint-Martin. Cet &amp;#233;crit posthume du Philosophe inconnu n&amp;#39;a &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; imprim&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;que tronqu&amp;#233; et tr&amp;#232;s incomplet./&lt;p&gt;[10] &amp;lt;#_ftnref10&amp;gt; /1. Saint-Martin dit que le d&amp;#238;ner chez M. Neveu eut &lt;br&gt;lieu &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;Ecole polytechnique. Chateaubriand nous a dit tout &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;heure &lt;br&gt;que ce d&amp;#238;ner avait eu lieu dans les &amp;#171; communs du Palais-Bourbon &amp;#187;. Les &lt;br&gt;deux r&amp;#233;cits ne se contredisent point. Le d&amp;#238;ner est du 27 janvier 1803, &lt;br&gt;et &amp;#224; cette date l&amp;#39;Ecole polytechnique &amp;#233;tait install&amp;#233;e au Palais-Bourbon &lt;br&gt;; c&amp;#39;est seulement en 1804 qu&amp;#39;elle fut transport&amp;#233;e dans l&amp;#39;ancien coll&amp;#232;ge &lt;br&gt;de Navarre, rue de la Montagne Sainte-Genevi&amp;#232;ve./&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-8943299194210485348?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8943299194210485348'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/8943299194210485348'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/09/saint-martin-chateaubriand-faria-gall.html' title='saint-martin chateaubriand faria gall'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-7342822232516682817</id><published>2009-09-23T05:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-24T01:36:06.647-07:00</updated><title type='text'>le siècle des lumières fin</title><content type='html'>*Commentaire 2*&lt;p&gt;*L&amp;#39;encyclop&amp;#233;die*&lt;p&gt;Encyclop&amp;#233;die ou &amp;#171; ordre dans le chaos des connaissance &amp;#187; ?&lt;p&gt;Diderot, le ma&amp;#238;tre d&amp;#39;œuvre de l&amp;#39;encyclop&amp;#233;die, pr&amp;#233;cise : l&amp;#39;encyclop&amp;#233;die &lt;br&gt;et l&amp;#39;enchainement des connaissances, leur approche par ordre alphab&amp;#233;tique.&lt;p&gt;Le proc&amp;#233;d&amp;#233; nous vient de Chambers, un franc-ma&amp;#231;on, sa Cyclopaedia est &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;cup&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;e, par traduction, par Diderot pour construire l&amp;#39;Encyclop&amp;#233;die.&lt;p&gt;Ramsay annonce la publication de l&amp;#39;ouvrage. Le Breton, franc-ma&amp;#231;on des &lt;br&gt;premi&amp;#232;res heures, propose la traduction &amp;#224; Diderot et devient l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;diteur &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;Encyclop&amp;#233;die.&lt;p&gt;En quoi l&amp;#39;Encyclop&amp;#233;die porte la marque des lumi&amp;#232;res ?&lt;p&gt;Nos connaissances ne sont plus transmises par la &amp;#171; th&amp;#233;ologie &amp;#187; ni par &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;humanisme &amp;#187;, elles ouvrent les portes d&amp;#39;une r&amp;#233;flexion, d&amp;#39;une &lt;br&gt;recherche, donc de la science et de la technique.&lt;p&gt;Une diff&amp;#233;rence fondamentale, avec l&amp;#39;Encyclop&amp;#233;die, le lecteur n&amp;#39;est pas &lt;br&gt;en admiration devant un savoir-faire (admiration des constructeurs de &lt;br&gt;cath&amp;#233;drale, par exemple) ; le lecteur entre dans une connaissance &lt;br&gt;rationnelle.&lt;p&gt;Des partisans de l&amp;#39;admiration, comme Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, aux &lt;br&gt;partisans de la connaissance rationnelle, il n&amp;#39;y aurait pas d&amp;#39;opposition &lt;br&gt;puisque les deux peuvent se compl&amp;#233;ter, l&amp;#39;opposition vient dans &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;exigence de la domination d&amp;#39;un syst&amp;#232;me sur l&amp;#39;autre.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme a besoin d&amp;#39;admirer pour vivre, et l&amp;#39;homme a tout autant besoin &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;utiliser l&amp;#39;ensemble de ses capacit&amp;#233;s, dont le raisonnement, pour mieux &lt;br&gt;utiliser les ressources disponibles n&amp;#233;cessaire &amp;#224; la vie.&lt;p&gt;Un point me parait important, il y a peu nous avions la possibilit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;acqu&amp;#233;rir, tous ou presque, l&amp;#39;encyclop&amp;#233;die en version num&amp;#233;ris&amp;#233;e. Fut-ce &lt;br&gt;un succ&amp;#232;s d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;dition ?&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;encyclop&amp;#233;die, sans le soutien de m&amp;#233;c&amp;#232;nes, aurait-elle pu continuer ?&lt;p&gt;Les encyclop&amp;#233;distes ont-ils &amp;#171; v&amp;#233;cu &amp;#187; de leur œuvre ?&lt;p&gt;Les &amp;#171; abonnements &amp;#187; ont-ils &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; suffisants pour assurer la continuation &lt;br&gt;de la publication ?&lt;p&gt;…&lt;p&gt;*Les hommes des lumi&amp;#232;res*&lt;p&gt;Ils sont nombreux et ils sont humains. En faire des divinit&amp;#233;s, des h&amp;#233;ros &lt;br&gt;ou des exemples reste dangereux.&lt;p&gt;Je m&amp;#39;amuse &amp;#224; citer Voltaire qui construit sa fortune en trafiquant des &lt;br&gt;fournitures &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;arm&amp;#233;e. Cela ne g&amp;#234;ne en rien l&amp;#39;admiration que je porte &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;œuvre.&lt;p&gt;Parmi les oubli&amp;#233;s des lumi&amp;#232;res je vais vous citer quelques hommes qui &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#39;interpellent &amp;#224; titres divers.&lt;p&gt;Beaumarchais&lt;p&gt;Le marquis de Sade&lt;p&gt;Madame de Pompadour&lt;p&gt;Goethe&lt;p&gt;Lizardi, Lisboa&lt;p&gt;Novikov&lt;p&gt;Moratin&lt;p&gt;Vico&lt;p&gt;Ducimeti&amp;#232;re&lt;p&gt;Krasicki&lt;p&gt;Reynold&lt;p&gt;Zimmermann, Euler, Bernoulli&lt;p&gt;Jacobi, Klopstock, Eberhard&lt;p&gt;Hutcheson&lt;p&gt;Swift, Gibbon&lt;p&gt;La Mettrie, Raynal,&lt;p&gt;… j&amp;#39;ai autant que possible &amp;#233;vit&amp;#233; de rappeler ceux qui sont trop bien &lt;br&gt;install&amp;#233;s dans le Panth&amp;#233;on des hommes de lumi&amp;#232;res, je rappellerai &lt;br&gt;pourtant les noms d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224; cit&amp;#233;s de Linn&amp;#233;, de Lavoisier, de Pinel.&lt;p&gt;*les oppositions&lt;br&gt;*&lt;p&gt;Des id&amp;#233;es continuent d&amp;#39;avoir cours et d&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre mise en valeur pendant ce &lt;br&gt;si&amp;#232;cle et ceux qui suivent :&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;galit&amp;#233; est oppos&amp;#233;e &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;in&amp;#233;galit&amp;#233; naturelle, la noblesse et la roture.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;ordre du monde trouv&amp;#233; et prouv&amp;#233; par les raisonnements est rejet&amp;#233; au &lt;br&gt;profit des r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lations.&lt;p&gt;La valorisation de la hi&amp;#233;rarchie oppos&amp;#233;e non seulement &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;anarchie mais &lt;br&gt;surtout &amp;#224; la d&amp;#233;mocratie.&lt;p&gt;Le rejet de droits de l&amp;#39;homme, pour les devoirs des hommes, ou les &lt;br&gt;droits &amp;#39;du&amp;#39; Dieu …&lt;p&gt;Rejet de la souverainet&amp;#233; des peuples, et mise en valeur de la n&amp;#233;cessit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;ob&amp;#233;issance. Un homme Roi, empereur, Tyran, F&amp;#252;hrer peut conduire un &lt;br&gt;peuple &amp;#224; s&amp;#39;ab&amp;#238;mer dans ses id&amp;#233;es.&lt;p&gt;Des probl&amp;#232;mes de fond se posent avec la primaut&amp;#233; du raisonnement sur &lt;br&gt;toute autre forme d&amp;#39;acc&amp;#232;s au r&amp;#233;el et pour r&amp;#233;guler la vie sociale.&lt;p&gt;…&lt;p&gt;Ces courants oppos&amp;#233;s sont actuellement repr&amp;#233;sent&amp;#233;s, entre autres, par &lt;br&gt;des tenants de la th&amp;#233;orie de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;volution et des tenants du cr&amp;#233;ationnisme.&lt;p&gt;A noter que le cr&amp;#233;ationnisme pr&amp;#233;sente un &amp;#233;norme avantage sur l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;volution &lt;br&gt;puisque la r&amp;#233;flexion, la recherche… ne sont plus n&amp;#233;cessaires, toutes les &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;ponses &amp;#224; toutes les questions sont fournies par les &amp;#171; r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lations &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;La th&amp;#233;orie de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;volution et les courants scientifiques sont moins &lt;br&gt;avantageux &amp;#224; la paresse ou &amp;#224; la soumission, ils exigent en effet de &lt;br&gt;pouvoir &amp;#234;tre remis en chantier, &amp;#233;voluent avec les d&amp;#233;couvertes ; ils &lt;br&gt;contraignent les individus &amp;#224; se mettre en mouvement vers plus de savoir, &lt;br&gt;plus de travaux, plus d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tudes…&lt;p&gt;Le principe d&amp;#39;autorit&amp;#233;, magister dixit, remis en cause par le &lt;br&gt;questionnement individuel, la recherche, la r&amp;#233;flexion… il faut bien &lt;br&gt;admettre que certains peuvent pr&amp;#233;f&amp;#233;rer manger le foin, d&amp;#39;autres cultiver &lt;br&gt;le foin qu&amp;#39;ils donnent &amp;#224; manger, et qu&amp;#39;ils sont relativement peu &lt;br&gt;nombreux &amp;#224; pr&amp;#233;f&amp;#233;rer quitter la t&amp;#233;loche vide caboche pour entrer dans &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;univers impitoyable de la recherche, du questionnement, du partage et &lt;br&gt;du respect des &amp;#171; libert&amp;#233;s de penser &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;*Pour conclure*&lt;br&gt;je me rends compte que de longs textes, des arguments ne peuvent faire &lt;br&gt;poids contre quelques clich&amp;#233;s flatteurs d&amp;#39;egos, contre la pr&amp;#233;tention &lt;br&gt;franco-fran&amp;#231;aise &amp;#224; une sup&amp;#233;riorit&amp;#233; dans l&amp;#39;art du penser.&lt;p&gt;Notre ego pr&amp;#233;f&amp;#232;re croire que Voltaire alla enseigner Fr&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;ric de Prusse &lt;br&gt;et la grande Catherine de Russie, plut&amp;#244;t que d&amp;#39;accepter le fait qu&amp;#39;il &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#39;en fut qu&amp;#39;un bouffon de cour, un objet &amp;#224; la mode.&lt;p&gt;Un citron &amp;#224; presser dont on tire, n&amp;#233;cessit&amp;#233; de la communication d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224;, ce &lt;br&gt;dont on a besoin pour plaire &amp;#224; quelques pr&amp;#233;tentieux et &amp;#224; retarder toute &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;forme, et dont on jette tout propos qui &amp;#171; ne convient pas &amp;#187; &amp;#224; la &lt;br&gt;grandeur d&amp;#39;une &amp;#171; Majest&amp;#233; &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;Il est des combats pour inutiles qu&amp;#39;ils soient &amp;#224; prolonger, qui m&amp;#233;ritent &lt;br&gt;pourtant quelques roulements du tambour de guerre.&lt;p&gt;La France se veut une nation pr&amp;#233;tentieuse, elle est une petite nation &lt;br&gt;parmi d&amp;#39;autres petites nations. Seule une Europe, forte, construite, &lt;br&gt;intelligente, peut prendre place dans le concert des &amp;#171; nations &amp;#187;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-7342822232516682817?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7342822232516682817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/7342822232516682817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/09/le-siecle-des-lumieres-fin.html' title='le siècle des lumières fin'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-4543067927376473010</id><published>2009-09-23T01:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-24T01:35:52.916-07:00</updated><title type='text'>le siècle des lumières II</title><content type='html'>*II*&lt;p&gt;*Commentaire 1 *&lt;p&gt;*Les id&amp;#233;es des lumi&amp;#232;res*&lt;p&gt;*Id&amp;#233;es religieuses *&lt;p&gt;En &amp;#233;tais-je venu &amp;#224; vous dire que le si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res &amp;#233;tait un si&amp;#232;cle &lt;br&gt;de chr&amp;#233;tien puisqu&amp;#39;il d&amp;#233;bouchait sur l&amp;#39; &amp;#171; universel &amp;#187; amour : amour de &lt;br&gt;soi, amour d&amp;#39;autrui, amour …&lt;p&gt;Le si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res ne remet pas en question la foi, il n&amp;#39;est pas &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;ath&amp;#233;e &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme des lumi&amp;#232;res repousse le &amp;#171; bigot &amp;#187;, &amp;#171; l&amp;#39;homme-machine &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;Les dogmatiques et les dogmes ne sont pas dans le champ de l&amp;#39;homme des &lt;br&gt;lumi&amp;#232;res. L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise est combattue dans certains de ses aspects.&lt;p&gt;Pour combattre cette &amp;#233;glise le plus simple fut de d&amp;#233;crire les &amp;#171; autres &lt;br&gt;religions &amp;#187;, la n&amp;#233;cessit&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;une libert&amp;#233; des consciences se fait jour, et &lt;br&gt;la tol&amp;#233;rance combat le pros&amp;#233;lytisme.&lt;p&gt;Nous pouvons consid&amp;#233;rer que Louis 14 cr&amp;#233;e le si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res en &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;voquant l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;dit de Nantes. La charit&amp;#233; du roi tr&amp;#232;s chr&amp;#233;tien voulait qui &lt;br&gt;il y ait &amp;#171; un roi, une loi, une foi &amp;#187;. Cette charit&amp;#233; est essentiellement &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;accaparement, de mise en place d&amp;#39;un pouvoir sur l&amp;#39;exercice d&amp;#39;une tr&amp;#232;s &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;ventuelle libert&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;autorit&amp;#233; du roi, repr&amp;#233;sentant de Dieu, s&amp;#39;arr&amp;#234;te avec la capacit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;utiliser la conscience individuelle. L&amp;#39;homme peut acc&amp;#233;der &amp;#224; lui-m&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;sans interm&amp;#233;diaires, sans hi&amp;#233;rarchie. Corollaire de la libert&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;conscience, l&amp;#39;homme re&amp;#231;oit le droit &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;erreur.&lt;p&gt;Il est int&amp;#233;ressant de constater que l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise de France n&amp;#39;est pas &amp;#171; une &lt;br&gt;&amp;#187;, ni unie. Elle manifeste des querelles internes violentes, &lt;br&gt;condamnation des jans&amp;#233;nistes, expulsion des j&amp;#233;suites… de telles &lt;br&gt;querelles permettent aussi de ne plus consid&amp;#233;rer l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise comme source &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;une unique pens&amp;#233;e nourrie de la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; des &amp;#233;vangiles. Plus que les &lt;br&gt;descriptions des autres courants religieux (juifs, musulmans, divers &lt;br&gt;paganismes, zoroastrisme…) ce sont bien les grandes oppositions de &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#233;lats, ou les faiblesses de quelques-uns d&amp;#39;entre eux, comme les &lt;br&gt;fanatismes ou les incomp&amp;#233;tences des pr&amp;#234;tres, qui permettent de repenser &lt;br&gt;&amp;#171; la voie unique &amp;#187; de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise de Rome ou de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise Gallicane.&lt;p&gt;Le d&amp;#233;isme semble, dans notre vision actuelle de ce si&amp;#232;cle, repr&amp;#233;senter &lt;br&gt;le sommet de la pens&amp;#233;e du si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res, entre foi et raison. Il &lt;br&gt;existe un grand architecte, il est intervenu dans l&amp;#39;univers, il a mis en &lt;br&gt;place des lois de fonctionnement qui s&amp;#39;inscrivent dans la nature des &lt;br&gt;&amp;#234;tres vivants.&lt;p&gt;La religion dite &amp;#171; naturelle &amp;#187; s&amp;#39;oppose &amp;#224; la religion &amp;#171; surnaturelle, &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;e &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;La diversit&amp;#233; religieuse est cr&amp;#233;atrice de difficult&amp;#233;s dans la vie &lt;br&gt;quotidienne. Lorsqu&amp;#39;une population veut imposer son mode de vie, nouveau &lt;br&gt;ou renouvel&amp;#233;, &amp;#224; une population qui &amp;#171; est dans ses routines &amp;#187;, ou qui vit &lt;br&gt;selon ses normes, des probl&amp;#232;mes se posent. La tol&amp;#233;rance, comme &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;intol&amp;#233;rance peuvent aussi recevoir les limites du raisonnable. Pour &lt;br&gt;que les hommes puissent vivre en paix dans un secteur g&amp;#233;ographique &lt;br&gt;donn&amp;#233;, il semble n&amp;#233;cessaire que l&amp;#39;espace vital et le mode de vie de &lt;br&gt;chacun soit tol&amp;#233;rable pour les autres. Vivre en paix implique des &lt;br&gt;fronti&amp;#232;res qui marquent bien la zone de paix.&lt;p&gt;Id&amp;#233;es scientifiques&lt;p&gt;Le personnage qui figure la Science du si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res est Newton : &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;homme qui a su r&amp;#233;duire &amp;#224; un principe simple la diversit&amp;#233; des &lt;br&gt;mouvements des corps c&amp;#233;lestes… l&amp;#39;homme qui a &amp;#233;tabli la loi de la &lt;br&gt;gravitation[1] &amp;lt;#_ftn1&amp;gt; qui a mis &amp;#224; mal la physique de Descartes.&lt;p&gt;Ce r&amp;#234;ve d&amp;#39;une explication simple, quasi unique, de l&amp;#39;univers continue &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;vivre dans quelques cr&amp;#226;nes fous, le dernier essai &amp;#233;chou&amp;#233; &amp;#233;tait la &lt;br&gt;th&amp;#233;orie des cordes.&lt;p&gt;Les inventions, (on oublie qu&amp;#39;il y en eut aussi avant le 18^e ), &lt;br&gt;semblent permettre d&amp;#39;esp&amp;#233;rer que l&amp;#39;homme va devenir le ma&amp;#238;tre &amp;#171; absolu &amp;#187; &lt;br&gt;de ses conditions de vie !&lt;p&gt;Au d&amp;#233;sir, relativement naturel de science et de savoir, s&amp;#39;oppose le &lt;br&gt;scientisme o&amp;#249; la volont&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;imposer &amp;#224; d&amp;#39;autres une forme de vie suppos&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;id&amp;#233;ale, parfaite, un homme en connaissances et en savoirs, la science &lt;br&gt;magnifi&amp;#233;e par quelques r&amp;#233;ussites et l&amp;#39;oubli de ses &amp;#233;checs.&lt;p&gt;Les hommes s&amp;#39;associent en soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;s, ils correspondent entre eux, on &lt;br&gt;entre par reconnaissance des aptitudes dans ces Acad&amp;#233;mies.&lt;p&gt;Plus que la science qui est incontournable et respecte les r&amp;#232;gles de la &lt;br&gt;conqu&amp;#234;te des savoirs, le scientisme posera autant de probl&amp;#232;mes que le &lt;br&gt;dogmatisme religieux. Le pr&amp;#234;tre connaissait la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;, la voie, la vie… &lt;br&gt;le scientiste, du haut de ses dipl&amp;#244;mes sait, condamne, indexe, … le &lt;br&gt;scientiste nous fait volontiers croire que sa science va nous procurer &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;la terre promise, l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;den, les lendemains qui chantent, l&amp;#39;herbe plus &lt;br&gt;verte… &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;Comme il est d&amp;#39;usage, tout ce qui vient de l&amp;#39;humain porte ombre et &lt;br&gt;lumi&amp;#232;re. Aucun syst&amp;#232;me n&amp;#39;offre une possibilit&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;adh&amp;#233;sion totale &amp;#224; ce &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;il propose.&lt;p&gt;Attention, se montrer prudent est diff&amp;#233;rent de l&amp;#39;acceptation brutale ou &lt;br&gt;du rejet complet des donn&amp;#233;es fournies.&lt;p&gt;Les grandes conqu&amp;#234;tes scientifiques sont encore le fait de quelques &lt;br&gt;hommes isol&amp;#233;s dans leurs travaux. Les applications techniques sont &lt;br&gt;relatives &amp;#224; des groupes humains domin&amp;#233;s par la notion de rentabilit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;On oublie sans doute que la science s&amp;#39;est constitu&amp;#233;e sur un syst&amp;#232;me &lt;br&gt;efficace : la classification.&lt;p&gt;A la base de ce syst&amp;#232;me, Linn&amp;#233;, lequel avec prudence, tout en classant &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;homme parmi les mammif&amp;#232;res, le distingue des autres animaux. Et &lt;br&gt;pourtant, cela provoque des explosions chez ceux qui veulent que l&amp;#39;homme &lt;br&gt;soit &amp;#171; le sommet de la cr&amp;#233;ation, le roi du monde &amp;#187; !&lt;p&gt;Le syst&amp;#232;me prouve son efficacit&amp;#233;, Lavoisier l&amp;#39;utilise en chimie, Vicq &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;Azyr en Anatomie, Pinel pour les maladies.&lt;p&gt;Il est pourtant difficile de retrouver rarement leurs noms, et quelques &lt;br&gt;autres, dans notre litt&amp;#233;rature ou dans nos &amp;#233;tudes scolaires.&lt;p&gt;Que l&amp;#39;on puisse consid&amp;#233;rer que ces id&amp;#233;es nouvelles soient l&amp;#39;œuvre d&amp;#39;une &lt;br&gt;communaut&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;intellectuels europ&amp;#233;ens qui vont ainsi remuer les opinions &lt;br&gt;re&amp;#231;us et permettre &amp;#224; &amp;#171; l&amp;#39;opinion des individus &amp;#187; de se constituer.&lt;p&gt;Petit rappel utile : la r&amp;#233;ponse Dieu, de nos jours nous dirions la &lt;br&gt;Science, &amp;#224; toute question que l&amp;#39;homme se pose ou pose est quand m&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;plus agr&amp;#233;able &amp;#224; la paresse que de se contraindre &amp;#224; des recherches, que &lt;br&gt;de se mettre &amp;#224; constituer son propre arsenal pour se constituer un fonds &lt;br&gt;qui permette &amp;#224; la pens&amp;#233;e de se mettre en action, qui incline &amp;#224; la &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;flexion. Comme tout cela ne d&amp;#233;bouche pas automatiquement sur des &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;ponses valables ou valid&amp;#233;es… la paresse aidant, l&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;grisme peut &lt;br&gt;lever ses &amp;#233;tendards et redonner &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;homme l&amp;#39;unique r&amp;#233;ponse comme &lt;br&gt;incontournable.&lt;p&gt;Si j&amp;#39;urine sur mes chaussures, c&amp;#39;est que Dieu l&amp;#39;a voulu, ce ne peut pas &lt;br&gt;&amp;#234;tre parce que je ne suis pas assis, parce que je suis inattentif, parce &lt;br&gt;que …&lt;p&gt;*Commentaire 2*&lt;p&gt;*L&amp;#39;encyclop&amp;#233;die*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;p&gt;[1] &amp;lt;#_ftnref1&amp;gt; Le fluide universel de Mesmer sera lui rejet&amp;#233;… quelques &lt;br&gt;points qui justifient le rejet pourraient &amp;#234;tre attribu&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; la gravitation…&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-4543067927376473010?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4543067927376473010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4543067927376473010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/09/le-siecle-des-lumieres-ii.html' title='le siècle des lumières II'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-4684973315901583571</id><published>2009-09-22T11:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-23T01:14:31.221-07:00</updated><title type='text'>le siècle des lumières I</title><content type='html'>Histoire de France pour crottin&lt;p&gt;/ /&lt;p&gt;/ /&lt;p&gt;/L&amp;#39;histoire d&amp;#39;un pays repose sur des faits ! l&amp;#39;histoire de l&amp;#39;historien &lt;br&gt;repose sur une &amp;#171; vision &amp;#187; des faits choisis et interpr&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;s./&lt;p&gt;/Il semble que depuis trop longtemps l&amp;#39;histoire qui nous est propos&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;soit une histoire pour &amp;#171; gens de la bonne soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &amp;#187; dans laquelle la &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;courtoisie &amp;#187; passe avant la r&amp;#233;alit&amp;#233;. Autrefois, le cin&amp;#233;ma ne pr&amp;#233;sentait &lt;br&gt;pas &amp;#171; les h&amp;#233;ros sanglants ou morts &amp;#187; mais les h&amp;#233;ros vivants ou &lt;br&gt;survivants &amp;#224; la rigueur./&lt;p&gt;/Dans les lignes qui suivent, je d&amp;#233;couvre une histoire pour les &lt;br&gt;crottins. Bien l&amp;#233;ch&amp;#233;e, bien &amp;#171; courtoise &amp;#187;, bien faite pour crottiniser &lt;br&gt;le lecteur, tant le style en est agr&amp;#233;able. On se croirait &amp;#224; la messe du &lt;br&gt;20 h de nos journaux t&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;vis&amp;#233;s : &amp;#171; le meilleur des mondes possibles &amp;#187; &lt;br&gt;est de retour ! /&lt;p&gt;/ /&lt;p&gt;/Le texte : citations et r&amp;#233;f&amp;#233;rences en fin de parcours :/&lt;p&gt;/ /&lt;p&gt;*Le XVIIIe*&lt;p&gt;*si&amp;#232;cle est qualifi&amp;#233; de &amp;#171; si&amp;#232;cle des Lumi&amp;#232;res ^1 &amp;#187; en raison de*&lt;p&gt;*l&amp;#39;influence de nouvelles ^2 id&amp;#233;es port&amp;#233;es par une communaut&amp;#233; ^3 europ&amp;#233;enne*&lt;p&gt;*d&amp;#39;intellectuels. Ce si&amp;#232;cle, marqu&amp;#233; par le long r&amp;#232;gne de Louis XV,*&lt;p&gt;*voit &amp;#233;merger le r&amp;#244;le d&amp;#39;une opinion publique ^3 de plus en plus &lt;br&gt;incontr&amp;#244;lable,*&lt;p&gt;*quand la libert&amp;#233; de parole ^4 et l&amp;#39;autonomie ^5 de r&amp;#233;flexion deviennent*&lt;p&gt;*les valeurs de l&amp;#39;homme &amp;#171; &amp;#233;clair&amp;#233; ^6 &amp;#187;. La France du XVIIIe si&amp;#232;cle, au*&lt;p&gt;*milieu des conflits arm&amp;#233;s europ&amp;#233;ens et des rivalit&amp;#233;s &amp;#233;conomiques avec*&lt;p&gt;*l&amp;#39;Angleterre, est le pays de r&amp;#233;f&amp;#233;rence ^7 de l&amp;#39;Europe cultiv&amp;#233;e. Avec pour*&lt;p&gt;*bagage le statut de grande puissance ^8 , elle entre dans une &amp;#232;re de &lt;br&gt;rayonnement ^9 *&lt;p&gt;*international apte &amp;#224; diffuser l&amp;#39;esprit des Lumi&amp;#232;res ^10 aux autres*&lt;p&gt;*nations, par le biais de la langue ^11 fran&amp;#231;aise et de ses id&amp;#233;es &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#233;hicul&amp;#233;es*&lt;p&gt;*par*&lt;p&gt;*/l&amp;#39;Encyclop&amp;#233;die ^12 /*&lt;p&gt;*de Diderot et D&amp;#39;Alembert.&lt;br&gt;*&lt;p&gt;(ce texte peut se trouver sur la toile)&lt;br&gt;**&lt;p&gt;Commentaire 1 :&lt;p&gt;*Si&amp;#232;cle des Lumi&amp;#232;res ^1 *&lt;p&gt;Une id&amp;#233;e forte du si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res : l&amp;#39;universalit&amp;#233; oppos&amp;#233;e aux &lt;br&gt;diversit&amp;#233;s, en combat contre les particularismes ; les inconscients du &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;relativisme &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme civilis&amp;#233; oppos&amp;#233; &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;homme sauvage dit aussi &amp;#171; bon sauvage &amp;#187; ne &lt;br&gt;vivant pas dans la &amp;#171; civilisation &amp;#187;&lt;p&gt;*Critique *:&lt;p&gt;Nos r&amp;#233;volutionnaires pr&amp;#233;parent un calendrier &amp;#171; universel &amp;#187; : d&amp;#233;sormais &lt;br&gt;lors de Vend&amp;#233;miaire les vendanges se feront en Su&amp;#232;de, comme sur &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;quateur, comme &amp;#224; Bordeaux ou sur la butte Montmartre.&lt;p&gt;Inutile de dire qu&amp;#39;en frimaire, il n&amp;#39;y aura pas besoin de r&amp;#233;frig&amp;#233;rateurs &lt;br&gt;au B&amp;#233;nin !&lt;p&gt;La &amp;#171; communaut&amp;#233; europ&amp;#233;enne &amp;#187; des m&amp;#226;les blancs &amp;#233;volu&amp;#233;s technologiquement &lt;br&gt;va tenter d&amp;#39;imposer l&amp;#39;an&amp;#233;antissement des &amp;#171; communautarismes &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;universaliste va porter SA civilisation dans l&amp;#39;univers, et il commence &lt;br&gt;comme Picrocole (ami et ennemi de Grandgousier p&amp;#232;re de Gargantua) par la &lt;br&gt;plan&amp;#232;te Terre et son plus proche voisin.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;universaliste va changer son masque, il devient le mondialiste, tous &lt;br&gt;les hommes de la plan&amp;#232;te dans le lib&amp;#233;ralisme et le nine to five, se &lt;br&gt;nourrissant de hamburger frites dans des cha&amp;#238;nes de fast food.&lt;p&gt;N&amp;#39;ont-ils pas raison, ces mondialistes quand le travail produit par &lt;br&gt;alcaca i dada montre qu&amp;#39;un int&amp;#233;grisme conduit &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;go&amp;#239;sme au refus des &lt;br&gt;valeurs partag&amp;#233;es, &amp;#224; la n&amp;#233;gation d&amp;#39;une partie de l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;, la femme, &lt;br&gt;soit un peu plus de la moiti&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Nos r&amp;#233;volutionnaires ont pos&amp;#233; le socle &amp;#171; des droits de l&amp;#39;homme &amp;#187; ; cela &lt;br&gt;donne m&amp;#234;me une d&amp;#233;claration universelle des droits de l&amp;#39;homme. Et &lt;br&gt;pourtant, bizarrerie toute humaine, les catholiques romains apostoliques &lt;br&gt;qui ne refusent pas, pas tout &amp;#224; fait, les droits de l&amp;#39;homme, pr&amp;#233;f&amp;#232;rent &lt;br&gt;parler des &amp;#171; droits de Dieu et de la Religion &amp;#187;…&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme universaliste ou mondialiste n&amp;#39;est pas un homme, c&amp;#39;est Zeus &lt;br&gt;olympique et son tribut de sponsors.&lt;p&gt;Il raisonne, il panse, il pense plus rarement et plus difficilement.&lt;p&gt;Parce qu&amp;#39;il raisonne, il suppose que son raisonnement est Raison.&lt;p&gt;Les universalistes savent que la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; n&amp;#39;existe pas puisqu&amp;#39;ils la &lt;br&gt;cherchent et ne l&amp;#39;ont pas trouv&amp;#233;. Un tel raisonnement montre l&amp;#39;ampleur &lt;br&gt;de leurs capacit&amp;#233;s.&lt;p&gt;Leurs ennemis et eux-m&amp;#234;mes combattent par la vertu supr&amp;#234;me et &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;universelle &amp;#187; de l&amp;#39;ironie, source de toute sagesse et m&amp;#232;re des grandes &lt;br&gt;destructions.&lt;p&gt;Les uns s&amp;#39;emparent du Divin universel, par ironie un groupe de quelques &lt;br&gt;hommes perdus de pr&amp;#233;tention en font un grand architecte uni vers celle &lt;br&gt;de la qu&amp;#234;te du bonheur, selon son raisonnement. Il est pourtant bien &lt;br&gt;vrai que ce qui rend un m&amp;#226;le occidental blanc heureux doit rendre tous &lt;br&gt;les hommes de la plan&amp;#232;te heureux, et tant pis pour sa femme et donc &lt;br&gt;toutes les femmes de ladite plan&amp;#232;te.&lt;p&gt;Fin du cr&amp;#233;ationnisme, qui donnait pour r&amp;#233;ponse &amp;#224; toute question : Dieu…&lt;p&gt;Les autres dominent l&amp;#39;universel humain, plongent l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233; dans la &lt;br&gt;mati&amp;#232;re et les 5 sens, ils en perdent d&amp;#39;ailleurs le sens de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;quilibre &lt;br&gt;et quelques autres, tout aussi munis d&amp;#39;appareils que l&amp;#39;odorat ou le &lt;br&gt;toucher !&lt;p&gt;A l&amp;#39;aide de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;volutionnisme, cet homme s&amp;#39;engage dans la conqu&amp;#234;te du &lt;br&gt;savoir, des connaissances, de la technologie. Il tente d&amp;#39;en &amp;#233;carter les &lt;br&gt;femmes en raisonnant : &amp;#171; un cerveau moyen d&amp;#39;homme occupe un volume de &lt;br&gt;1500 cc, l&amp;#39;homme est donc, naturellement sup&amp;#233;rieur &amp;#224; la femme dont le &lt;br&gt;cerveau est de 1000 cc &amp;#187;&lt;p&gt;Beau raisonnement, il est vrai, qui doit oublier, au passage, que pour &lt;br&gt;g&amp;#233;rer des attributs sexu&amp;#233;s mis en &amp;#233;vidence &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;ext&amp;#233;rieur de son corps, &lt;br&gt;il lui faut souvent utiliser 90% de ses ressources intellectuelles.&lt;p&gt;Il est tout aussi int&amp;#233;ressant de constater que la femme entrera dans le &lt;br&gt;jeu. Son intelligence lui permet de laisser croire &amp;#224; sa faiblesse et au &lt;br&gt;besoin d&amp;#39;un m&amp;#226;le technologiquement sup&amp;#233;rieur.&lt;p&gt;Le plus beau moment de cet homme universaliste, &amp;#233;clair&amp;#233;, &amp;#233;volu&amp;#233; et &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;voluant… se situe avec notre Robespierre et la magnifique p&amp;#233;riode &lt;br&gt;historique de &amp;#171; la Terreur &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;Autre aspect de l&amp;#39;universalisme, nous venons de rencontrer l&amp;#39;universel &lt;br&gt;comme abstraction, rencontrons l&amp;#39;universel comme relatif absolu. Les &lt;br&gt;Lumi&amp;#232;res s&amp;#39;interdisent de fonder quoi que ce soit sur quoi que ce soit &lt;br&gt;puisqu&amp;#39;ils ont d&amp;#233;truit les deux notions antagonistes de Dieu ou de sa &lt;br&gt;n&amp;#233;gation, pour laisser place non pas au doute mais au principe &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;incertitude.&lt;p&gt;La science humaine exige de s&amp;#39;affranchir des dogmes religieux, et met en &lt;br&gt;place la dogmatique scientifique.&lt;p&gt;Le philosophe des lumi&amp;#232;res n&amp;#39;a pas su d&amp;#233;truire Dieu, il a d&amp;#233;truit la &lt;br&gt;m&amp;#233;taphysique, il a bris&amp;#233; la Raison pour aduler le raisonnement.&lt;p&gt;A la folie d&amp;#233;risoire d&amp;#39;un monde strictement confin&amp;#233; au Divin, le si&amp;#232;cle &lt;br&gt;des lumi&amp;#232;res nous offre l&amp;#39;inhumain avec ses machines gouvernant l&amp;#39;homme, &lt;br&gt;avec ses technocrates bureaucrates administrateurs selon des principes &lt;br&gt;o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;homme est &amp;#233;vacu&amp;#233;, rendu totalement absent d&amp;#39;une quelconque r&amp;#233;alit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;ou r&amp;#233;cup&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; comme une machine &amp;#224; moindre co&amp;#251;t et plus jetable qu&amp;#39;un robot.&lt;p&gt;Commentaire 2 :&lt;p&gt;*Aspects positifs des lumi&amp;#232;res*&lt;p&gt;Universel, au sens le plus pr&amp;#233;tentieux, c&amp;#39;est ce qui vaut pour &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;univers. Qui dit univers suppose qu&amp;#39;il parle de son jardin, de sa &lt;br&gt;commune, et des zones d&amp;#39;une pens&amp;#233;e mar&amp;#233;cageuse environnante.&lt;p&gt;Soyons moins agressif, l&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;universel est une id&amp;#233;e sortie du UN, &lt;br&gt;lequel 1 nous vient du religieux. Il est m&amp;#234;me possible de dater sa &lt;br&gt;naissance : Deut&amp;#233;ronome : c&amp;#39;est le seigneur qui est dieu : il n&amp;#39;y en a &lt;br&gt;pas d&amp;#39;autre que lui.&lt;p&gt;S&amp;#39;il y eut d&amp;#39;autres dieux un ou unique, celui l&amp;#224; est pos&amp;#233; comme le Dieu &lt;br&gt;ma&amp;#238;tre de toute autorit&amp;#233;, maitre de toute capacit&amp;#233;. La foi est d&amp;#233;tach&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;une origine sociale ou g&amp;#233;ographique, elle re&amp;#231;oit mission de gouverner &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;. L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise est catholique, ce qui signifie universelle.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;universel exige un &amp;#171; pouvoir &amp;#187; universel, alli&amp;#233; &amp;#224; la foi universelle.&lt;p&gt;Ce pouvoir s&amp;#39;incarne dans &amp;#171; l&amp;#39;empire &amp;#187; lieu de tout pouvoir universel, &lt;br&gt;image du tout pouvoir divin.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise catholique, premier, l&amp;#39;empire second, les &amp;#171; universaux &amp;#187; sont &lt;br&gt;en place. Le combat peut commencer.&lt;p&gt;Enfin, il aurait pu commencer s&amp;#233;rieusement. Au 18^e si&amp;#232;cle, l&amp;#39;universel &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;glise est secou&amp;#233; par l&amp;#39;orthodoxie, par le protestantisme, par … &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;autres courants de croyances fond&amp;#233;s sur la bible. Pour universel qu&amp;#39;il &lt;br&gt;soit, le message du Christ n&amp;#39;a pas touch&amp;#233; maints territoires, il est &lt;br&gt;totalement inconnus des espaces am&amp;#233;ricains. L&amp;#39;universel incarn&amp;#233; est &lt;br&gt;secou&amp;#233; au point que le monde cesse d&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre un Cosmos, un ordre (Ordo) &lt;br&gt;visible et accessible &amp;#224; la pens&amp;#233;e, pour redevenir Chaos.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;universel qui pouvait &amp;#234;tre pens&amp;#233; comme &amp;#171; fini &amp;#187; redevient infini, et &lt;br&gt;il n&amp;#39;est plus possible de le peser, de le mesurer… le nombre &amp;#171; infini &amp;#187; &lt;br&gt;est un nombre inconnu peut-&amp;#234;tre inconnaissable.&lt;p&gt;Les lumi&amp;#232;res sont-elles destructrices de Religion. D&amp;#39;abord &amp;#233;vitons de &lt;br&gt;confondre religion et ministres des cultes et nous &amp;#233;viterons quelques &lt;br&gt;contresens.&lt;p&gt;Les hommes des lumi&amp;#232;res sont dans la diversit&amp;#233;, Diderot affirme son &lt;br&gt;ath&amp;#233;isme, Voltaire pr&amp;#233;tend au D&amp;#233;isme, Rousseau au pi&amp;#233;tisme, et beaucoup &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;hommes des lumi&amp;#232;res sont pr&amp;#234;ts &amp;#224; marier R&amp;#233;v&amp;#233;lation et Raison.&lt;p&gt;Quel combat ont-ils en commun ?&lt;p&gt;La notion de p&amp;#233;ch&amp;#233; originel.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;infiniment petit de Pascal ou de Saint Augustin qui permet &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;homme &lt;br&gt;de s&amp;#39;humilier en Dieu re&amp;#231;oit comme r&amp;#233;ponse la dignit&amp;#233; humaine et la &lt;br&gt;confiance en l&amp;#39;homme[1] &amp;lt;#_ftn1&amp;gt;.&lt;p&gt;Le p&amp;#233;ch&amp;#233; originel peut-il permettre &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;homme de conqu&amp;#233;rir et une &lt;br&gt;libert&amp;#233; et l&amp;#39;amour de Dieu ? Ce p&amp;#233;ch&amp;#233; originel devenu pierre cubique de &lt;br&gt;la fondation, devenu pierre rejet&amp;#233;e et cl&amp;#233; de vo&amp;#251;te de la construction &lt;br&gt;inverse les rapports en le fini, humain, et l&amp;#39;infini, divin.&lt;p&gt;Si pour Descartes ou Spinoza l&amp;#39;infini Divin est un absolu par rapport au &lt;br&gt;fini humain qui est, lui, un relatif, le si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res recentre le &lt;br&gt;probl&amp;#232;me sur l&amp;#39;humain.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;universel, ce n&amp;#39;est plus Dieu, l&amp;#39;universel, ce n&amp;#39;est pas, pas encore, &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;homme, m&amp;#234;me si la pr&amp;#233;tention &amp;#224; fonder cet universel sur l&amp;#39;homme est forte.&lt;p&gt;En fait, nul ne peut pr&amp;#233;tendre &amp;#224; dominer suffisamment l&amp;#39;humain pour &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;finir &amp;#171; l&amp;#39;homme &amp;#187; ?&lt;p&gt;Bizarrerie de notre pens&amp;#233;e le fini humain semble difficile &amp;#224; d&amp;#233;finir &lt;br&gt;dans une notion qui para&amp;#238;t simple : l&amp;#39;homme.&lt;p&gt;Commentaire 3&lt;p&gt;*Homme ! qui es-tu, d&amp;#39;o&amp;#249; viens-tu, o&amp;#249; vas-tu ?*&lt;p&gt;R&amp;#233;ponse simple efficace, d&amp;#233;finitive, irr&amp;#233;ductible, incontournable : je &lt;br&gt;suis la cr&amp;#233;ature de Dieu, cr&amp;#233;&amp;#233;e, pourquoi pas, &amp;#224; son image. Cette &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;ponse est quand m&amp;#234;me bien plaisante pour la paresse intellectuelle. &lt;br&gt;S&amp;#39;en satisfera qui voudra.&lt;p&gt;Certes, je suis fils de mes deux lign&amp;#233;es, et ironie de l&amp;#39;existence, moi, &lt;br&gt;qui me sentais &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;aise dans ma roture, me voil&amp;#224; &amp;#224; travers les lign&amp;#233;es &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;tudi&amp;#233;es en g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;alogie de noble descendance !!!&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;une d&amp;#39;elle touche &amp;#224; Godefroid de Bouillon, on excusera le peu qui doit &lt;br&gt;en rester, une seconde par la proximit&amp;#233; g&amp;#233;ographique, au moins, devrait &lt;br&gt;y toucher tout autant.&lt;p&gt;Le fils de personne que j&amp;#39;esp&amp;#233;rais &amp;#234;tre est descendant d&amp;#39;une lign&amp;#233;e.&lt;p&gt;Suis-je homme, animal, divin, la part animale semble &amp;#233;vidente ; la part &lt;br&gt;divine me para&amp;#238;t incertaine quoique certains nous affirment possibles &lt;br&gt;porteurs d&amp;#39;une parcelle d&amp;#39;infini.&lt;p&gt;Mes parts d&amp;#39;incertitude existent d&amp;#39;autant qu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; toute d&amp;#233;finition d&amp;#39;homme &lt;br&gt;qui ne serait qu&amp;#39;animal le corollaire de quasi irresponsabilit&amp;#233; peut &lt;br&gt;devenir n&amp;#233;cessit&amp;#233;. Concevoir un humain comme agi de l&amp;#39;ext&amp;#233;rieur, et, ou, &lt;br&gt;agi de l&amp;#39;int&amp;#233;rieur, quels que soient les moteurs de l&amp;#39;action permettrait &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;abandonner tout ou parties d&amp;#39;une notion simple : ma responsabilit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Suis-je ou non apte &amp;#224; me nommer &amp;#171; homme &amp;#187;, &amp;#224; me d&amp;#233;finir &amp;#171; homme &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme peut-il se d&amp;#233;finir sans autre r&amp;#233;f&amp;#233;rence que lui-m&amp;#234;me ?&lt;p&gt;R&amp;#233;ponse simple, facile, claire, l&amp;#39;homme est mati&amp;#232;re, un corps, une &lt;br&gt;nature… une machine, comme une horloge sans horloger !&lt;p&gt;La notion centrale qui peut cerner l&amp;#39;humain dans un deuxi&amp;#232;me temps est &lt;br&gt;la libert&amp;#233;. Un homme n&amp;#39;est pas li&amp;#233; &amp;#224; une culture, &amp;#224; une lign&amp;#233;e, &amp;#224; une &lt;br&gt;nature puisqu&amp;#39;il est apte &amp;#224; vivre et &amp;#224; cr&amp;#233;er les moyens n&amp;#233;cessaires &amp;#224; sa &lt;br&gt;vie comme &amp;#224; sa mort.&lt;p&gt;Autre possibilit&amp;#233; pour cerner l&amp;#39;humain : ici, maintenant. L&amp;#39;homme &lt;br&gt;devient un voyageur sans bagage, sans avenir, plong&amp;#233; dans le seul &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#233;sent d&amp;#39;une localisation dans l&amp;#39;espace temps.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme une abstraction, l&amp;#39;homme une individualit&amp;#233;, l&amp;#39;homme une g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ralit&amp;#233;…&lt;p&gt;Le si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res permet de se &amp;#171; d&amp;#233;centrer &amp;#187; de quitter, plus &lt;br&gt;encore qu&amp;#39;autrefois, la certitude du point de vue n&amp;#233;cessaire et certain, &lt;br&gt;le mien &amp;#233;vidence totale de certitude puisque &amp;#171; ce que je pense, tout &lt;br&gt;individu normal doit aussi le penser &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;Le relatif des points de vue &amp;#233;tait d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224; connu, Pascal nous avait offert &lt;br&gt;les Pyr&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;es comme rep&amp;#232;re de v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;s en de&amp;#231;&amp;#224; et d&amp;#39;erreurs au-del&amp;#224;.&lt;p&gt;Si nos philosophes s&amp;#39;accordent sur la diversit&amp;#233; humaine, ils pr&amp;#233;tendent &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; l&amp;#39;unit&amp;#233; de la raison, ou plut&amp;#244;t du raisonnement. Ils affirment une foi &lt;br&gt;forte en ce raisonnement. Bizarrerie du raisonnement, ce qui offre le &lt;br&gt;meilleur consensus aux hommes ce sont les œuvres d&amp;#39;art, admir&amp;#233;s comme &lt;br&gt;œuvres d&amp;#39;art par des hommes d&amp;#39;horizons diff&amp;#233;rents.&lt;p&gt;Une id&amp;#233;e forte des lumi&amp;#232;res c&amp;#39;est que les hommes, individuellement &lt;br&gt;unique, poss&amp;#232;dent les &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ments qui permettraient de se reconna&amp;#238;tre homme.&lt;p&gt;Pour exister, l&amp;#39;universel doit entrer dans la cat&amp;#233;gorie du R&amp;#233;el. Si &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;homme poss&amp;#232;de des droits, si ses droits sont r&amp;#233;els, avons-nous besoin &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;une d&amp;#233;claration qui reconna&amp;#238;t la r&amp;#233;alit&amp;#233; de tels droits ?&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme est-il homme par l&amp;#39;usage de la libert&amp;#233; ?&lt;p&gt;C&amp;#39;est Rousseau qui semble le premier nous conduire &amp;#224; la notion de &lt;br&gt;perfectibilit&amp;#233;. L&amp;#39;homme pourrait s&amp;#39;extirper de son &amp;#233;tat li&amp;#233; &amp;#224; ses &lt;br&gt;besoins pour atteindre un &amp;#233;tat o&amp;#249; il devient apte &amp;#224; faire taire sa nature.&lt;p&gt;Rousseau ajoute encore, libre et perfectible, l&amp;#39;homme utilise ses deux &lt;br&gt;outils pour se pervertir.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme peut-il &amp;#234;tre consid&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; comme apte &amp;#224; sortir de lui-m&amp;#234;me, est-il &lt;br&gt;apte &amp;#224; se pr&amp;#233;occuper de &amp;#171; l&amp;#39;autre &amp;#187; qui n&amp;#39;est pas lui.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme a-t-il des droits ? L&amp;#39;homme reconna&amp;#238;t-il comme homme d&amp;#39;autres &lt;br&gt;humains ?&lt;p&gt;Le si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res a tent&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;offrir un cadre juridique &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Commentaire 4&lt;p&gt;Aucun syst&amp;#232;me humain n&amp;#39;apporte la tranquillit&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;une totale r&amp;#233;ussite.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme est perfectible et pervertible, ses cr&amp;#233;ations portent cette m&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;marque. Quand le soleil se l&amp;#232;ve, les t&amp;#233;n&amp;#232;bres semblent me quitter et, &lt;br&gt;mon ombre m&amp;#39;accompagne !&lt;p&gt;La querelle des universaux est ancienne, le Moyen-&amp;#226;ge y a apport&amp;#233; de &lt;br&gt;solides pierres, bien taill&amp;#233;es et toujours utilisables.&lt;p&gt;Les trois points suivis sont le r&amp;#233;alisme, les id&amp;#233;es g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rales sont dans &lt;br&gt;les choses ; le conceptualisme, les id&amp;#233;es de l&amp;#39;homme d&amp;#233;terminent les &lt;br&gt;choses ; le nominalisme, la langue cerne les choses.&lt;p&gt;Il y a un autre parcours, celui de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ducation, Rousseau en posera &lt;br&gt;quelques bases.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ducation permet &amp;#224; tout enfant de sortir de son &amp;#171; univers &amp;#187;, lui, pour &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;ouvrir &amp;#224; d&amp;#39;autres &amp;#171; univers &amp;#187;, l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Le commerce des enfants permet de constater que quand Rousseau parle de &lt;br&gt;la piti&amp;#233; comme permettant de s&amp;#39;ouvrir aux autres, il aurait tout aussi &lt;br&gt;bien pu d&amp;#233;crire la f&amp;#233;rocit&amp;#233; comme moyen de s&amp;#39;ouvrir aux autres, non plus &lt;br&gt;pour prendre conscience de leur existence et de leur droit &amp;#224; vivre, mais &lt;br&gt;comme moyen de renforcer son &amp;#171; territoire &amp;#187; en utilisant les autres de &lt;br&gt;multiples fa&amp;#231;ons.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ducation pourrait tourner autour de l&amp;#39;amiti&amp;#233;, de la fraternit&amp;#233;, de la &lt;br&gt;vie sociale, de la conqu&amp;#234;te des arts et des sciences… de la conqu&amp;#234;te de soi.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ducation est une valeur lorsqu&amp;#39;elle permet &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;enfant et &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;adolescent de se construire, d&amp;#39;exercer une libert&amp;#233; limit&amp;#233;e &amp;#224; ses &lt;br&gt;capacit&amp;#233;s et &amp;#224; la pr&amp;#233;sence des n&amp;#233;cessit&amp;#233;s mat&amp;#233;rielles et sociales.&lt;p&gt;La premi&amp;#232;re valeur du si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res est l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ducation qui &lt;br&gt;permettrait de &amp;#171; penser par soi-m&amp;#234;me &amp;#187;, autrement dit la &amp;#171; libert&amp;#233; du &lt;br&gt;penser &amp;#187;, la &amp;#171; libert&amp;#233; de pens&amp;#233;e &amp;#187; &amp;#224; ne pas confondre avec &amp;#171; la &lt;br&gt;libre-pens&amp;#233;e ! &amp;#187;&lt;p&gt;Le crit&amp;#232;re n&amp;#233;cessaire &amp;#224; la &amp;#171; libert&amp;#233; de penser &amp;#187; est de devenir apte &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;penser &amp;#224; partir de donn&amp;#233;es &amp;#233;trang&amp;#232;res &amp;#224; soi-m&amp;#234;me. Que pensez-vous ?&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ducation qui permet d&amp;#39;acc&amp;#233;der &amp;#224; d&amp;#39;autres modes de penser que la &lt;br&gt;propre pens&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;un individu est une &amp;#233;ducation n&amp;#233;cessaire. Elle rend &lt;br&gt;attentif &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;autre.&lt;p&gt;Cette attention suppos&amp;#233;e positive peut tout autant &amp;#234;tre pervertie pour &lt;br&gt;soit se couler dans les moules d&amp;#39;une pens&amp;#233;e ext&amp;#233;rieure et reposante, &lt;br&gt;soit dans l&amp;#39;utilisation des modes de penser &amp;#224; des fins strictement &lt;br&gt;personnelles (voyez l&amp;#39;usage qui est fait de la publicit&amp;#233; de nos jours).&lt;p&gt;Les lumi&amp;#232;res donnent un mode d&amp;#39;acc&amp;#232;s au monde avec &amp;#171; ma pens&amp;#233;e &amp;#187;, &amp;#171; la &lt;br&gt;pens&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;autrui &amp;#187;, &amp;#171; moi et eux, eux et moi &amp;#187;, plus souvent th&amp;#232;se, &lt;br&gt;antith&amp;#232;se, synth&amp;#232;se. Ma pens&amp;#233;e, ce serait l&amp;#39;expression de ma &lt;br&gt;personnalit&amp;#233;, de mon personnage, et une critique de tout ce qui n&amp;#39;est &lt;br&gt;pas moi. La pens&amp;#233;e d&amp;#39;autrui, ce serait un inventaire ou une v&amp;#233;rification &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;autres approches. On comprendra que ma pierre et leurs pierres ne &lt;br&gt;deviennent int&amp;#233;ressantes que dans la mesure o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;ensemble est utilisable.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;#233;ducation permettrait d&amp;#39;entrer en contact avec le r&amp;#233;el, de se poser &lt;br&gt;dans la diversit&amp;#233; des r&amp;#233;alit&amp;#233;s, l&amp;#39;enfant devient adolescent en prenant &lt;br&gt;en compte l&amp;#39;ensemble de ses capacit&amp;#233;s et ses possibilit&amp;#233;s de d&amp;#233;passement &lt;br&gt;de soi. L&amp;#39;adolescent devient homme quand il est utile &amp;#224; lui-m&amp;#234;me et &lt;br&gt;utile &amp;#224; la soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;Il devient pleinement homme lorsqu&amp;#39;il r&amp;#233;alise que les mod&amp;#232;les re&amp;#231;us &lt;br&gt;peuvent s&amp;#39;inscrire dans de nouvelles r&amp;#233;alit&amp;#233;s, et continuer &amp;#224; le &lt;br&gt;transformer.&lt;p&gt;Le si&amp;#232;cle des lumi&amp;#232;res arrive &amp;#224; cette conclusion simple que s&amp;#39;aimer soi, &lt;br&gt;aimer autrui constitue le fondement &amp;#171; universel &amp;#187; de l&amp;#39;humain.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;universel d&amp;#233;marre dans une activit&amp;#233; qui pose une individualit&amp;#233;, une &lt;br&gt;singularit&amp;#233; comme reconnue dans sa production par toute l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;œuvre d&amp;#39;art reste un exemple simple, pourtant on peut dire aussi que &lt;br&gt;le Travail d&amp;#39;un Pasteur permet &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233; de se pr&amp;#233;senter comme humaine.&lt;p&gt;L&amp;#39;homme vit avec les hommes. L&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233; vit avec des individus mais &lt;br&gt;chacun d&amp;#39;eux semble &amp;#234;tre &amp;#171; unique &amp;#187; tout en ayant une &amp;#171; identit&amp;#233; &amp;#224; autrui &amp;#187;.&lt;p&gt;II&lt;p&gt;Commentaire 1&lt;p&gt;*Les id&amp;#233;es des lumi&amp;#232;res*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;p&gt;[1] &amp;lt;#_ftnref1&amp;gt; Oppos&amp;#233;es par nos philosophes ces deux notions ne me &lt;br&gt;semblent pas incompatibles. Que le p&amp;#233;ch&amp;#233; originel soit r&amp;#233;el ou non &lt;br&gt;importe peu si Dieu n&amp;#39;a pas foi en l&amp;#39;homme et ne lui offre pas un chemin &lt;br&gt;de dignit&amp;#233; &amp;#224; conqu&amp;#233;rir. Inversement la foi en l&amp;#39;homme, et la conqu&amp;#234;te &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;une dignit&amp;#233; offrent un chemin de spirituel, lequel n&amp;#39;implique pas, &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;obligation, une divinit&amp;#233;, mais implique une croyance en l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233; !&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-4684973315901583571?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4684973315901583571'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/4684973315901583571'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/09/le-siecle-des-lumieres-i.html' title='le siècle des lumières I'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-3417342978203678947</id><published>2009-09-19T04:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-19T13:36:36.074-07:00</updated><title type='text'>marterlinc bibliographie à suivre</title><content type='html'>Maeterlinck Bibliographie&lt;p&gt;*Oeuvres compl&amp;#232;tes*&lt;br&gt;*&amp;#201;*dition &amp;#233;tablie et pr&amp;#233;sent&amp;#233;e par Paul Gorceix, &amp;#201;ditions Complexe, &lt;br&gt;Bruxelles, 1999.&lt;br&gt;Tome 1 - /Le R&amp;#233;veil de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me/, /Po&amp;#233;sie et essais/.&lt;br&gt;Tome 2 - /Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre I/ : /La Princesse Maleine/ (1890), /L&amp;#39;Intruse/ &lt;br&gt;(1890), /Les Aveugles/ (1890), /Les Sept Princesses/ (1891), /Pell&amp;#233;as et &lt;br&gt;M&amp;#233;lisandre/ (1892), /Trois petits drames pour marionnettes/, /Alladine &lt;br&gt;et Palomides/, /Int&amp;#233;rieur/, /La Mort de Tintagiles/ (1894), /Aglavaine &lt;br&gt;et S&amp;#233;lysette/ (1896).&lt;br&gt;Tome 3 - /Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre II/ : /Ariane et Barbe-Bleue/ (1899), /Soeur B&amp;#233;atrice/ &lt;br&gt;(1901), /Monna Vanna/ (1902), /Joyzelle/ (1903), /L&amp;#39;Oiseau bleu/ (1909), &lt;br&gt;/Le Miracle de saint Antoine/ (1904), /Le Bourgmestre de Stilmonde/ &lt;br&gt;(1919), /Le Sel de la vie/ (1919), /La Princesse Isabelle/ (1935).&lt;p&gt;*Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre*&lt;br&gt;/Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre complet/, pr&amp;#233;sentation Martine de Rougemont, &amp;#201;ditions Slatkine &lt;br&gt;Reprints, coll. &amp;quot;Ressources&amp;quot;, Paris-Gen&amp;#232;ve, 1979 (reprint en un volume &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;dition Fasquelle, Paris, 3 vol., 1901-1902&lt;br&gt;Tome 1 - /La Princesse Maleine/, /L&amp;#39;Intruse/, /Les Aveugles/.&lt;br&gt;Tome 2 - /Pell&amp;#233;as et M&amp;#233;lisandre/, /Alladine et Palomides/, /Int&amp;#233;rieur/, &lt;br&gt;/La Mort de Tintagiles/.&lt;br&gt;Tome 3 - /Aglavaine et S&amp;#233;lysette, Ariane et Barbe-Bleue, Soeur B&amp;#233;atrice/.&lt;p&gt;*A*ux &amp;#201;ditions Fasquelle, Paris.&lt;br&gt;/Monna Vanna/, 1902 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d. 1955).&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;Oiseau bleu/, 1909 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d. 1976).&lt;br&gt;/Marie-Magdeleine/, 1913 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d.1922).&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;H&amp;#244;te inconnu/, 1917.&lt;br&gt;/Le Bourgmestre de Stilmonde/ suivi de Le Sel de la vie, 1920.&lt;br&gt;/Les Fian&amp;#231;ailles, f&amp;#233;&amp;#233;rie en cinq actes et onze tableaux/, 1922.&lt;br&gt;/La Princesse Isabelle/, 1935.&lt;br&gt;/Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre in&amp;#233;dit/ : /l&amp;#39;Abb&amp;#233; S&amp;#233;tubal, Les Trois Justiciers et Le Jugement &lt;br&gt;Dernier/, 1959.&lt;p&gt;*A*utres &amp;#233;ditions&lt;br&gt;/La Princesse Maleine/, &amp;#233;d. critique Fabrice Von de Kerckhove, &amp;#201;ditions &lt;br&gt;Labor, coll. &amp;quot;Espace Nord&amp;quot;, 1998. Pr&amp;#233;c&amp;#233;d&amp;#233; de /Serres chaudes/ (1889) et &lt;br&gt;/Quinze chansons/ (1896-1900), pr&amp;#233;sentation et notes P. Gorceix, &lt;br&gt;&amp;#201;ditions Gallimard, coll &amp;quot;Po&amp;#233;sie&amp;quot;, Paris, 1983.&lt;br&gt;/Pell&amp;#233;as et M&amp;#233;lisandre/, pr&amp;#233;face Henri Ronse, lecture Christian Lutaud, &lt;br&gt;&amp;#201;ditions Labor, coll.&amp;quot;Espace Nord&amp;quot;, 1983, Pr&amp;#233;face, commentaire et notes &lt;br&gt;Pierre Citti, LGF &amp;#201;diteur, coll. &amp;quot;Le Livre de Poche&amp;quot;, 1989.&lt;br&gt;/La Mort de Tintagiles/, commentaire dramaturgique Claude R&amp;#233;gy,&amp;#201;ditions &lt;br&gt;Actes Sud, coll. &amp;quot;Babel&amp;quot;, Arles, 1997.&lt;br&gt;/Int&amp;#233;rieur/, pr&amp;#233;sentation M. de Rougemont, L&amp;#39;Avant-Sc&amp;#232;ne Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre, n&amp;#176;776, &lt;br&gt;oct. 1975.&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;Oiseau bleu/, pr&amp;#233;sentation Gunnar Ahlstr&amp;#246;m et AfWirs&amp;#233;n, introduction &lt;br&gt;Fran&amp;#231;ois Albert-Buisson, version illustr&amp;#233;e, &amp;#201;ditions Rombaldi, 1961. &lt;br&gt;&amp;#201;ditions Labor, coll. &amp;quot;Espace Nord&amp;quot;, Bruxelles, 1988.&lt;br&gt;/Ariane et Barbe-Bleue ou la D&amp;#233;livrance inutile/ (livret d&amp;#39;op&amp;#233;ra), &lt;br&gt;commentaire litt&amp;#233;raire et musical de Jean-Fran&amp;#231;ois Boukobza, &lt;br&gt;L&amp;#39;Avant-Sc&amp;#232;ne Op&amp;#233;ra, n&amp;#176; 149-150, nov.-d&amp;#233;c.1992.&lt;p&gt;*Po&amp;#233;sie et th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre*&lt;br&gt;/Po&amp;#233;sies compl&amp;#232;tes : Serres chaudes, Qinze chansons, Neuf chansons de la &lt;br&gt;trentaine, Treize chansons de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;ge m&amp;#251;r/, introduction et notes Joseph &lt;br&gt;Hanse, &amp;#201;ditions La Reconnaissance du Livre, Tournai, 1965.&lt;br&gt;/Serres chaudes, chansons compl&amp;#232;tes/, ill. Valentine Hugo, Librairie Les &lt;br&gt;Lettres, Paris, 1955.&lt;br&gt;/Oeuvres : Quinze chanson, Les Aveugles, L&amp;#39;Intruse, Serres chaudes/, &lt;br&gt;&amp;#201;ditions Jacques Antoine, coll. &amp;quot;Pass&amp;#233;-Pr&amp;#233;sent, Bruxelles, 1980.&lt;p&gt;*Essais*&lt;br&gt;*A*ux &amp;#201;ditions Fasquelle&lt;br&gt;/La Sagesse et la Destin&amp;#233;e/, 1898 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d.1930).&lt;br&gt;/La Vie des abeilles/, 1901 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d. 1923).&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;Intelligence des fleurs/, 1907 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d. 1951).&lt;br&gt;/Les Sentiers de la montagne/, 1919.&lt;br&gt;/Le Grand Secret/, 1921.&lt;br&gt;/La Vie des termites/, 1926 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d.1969).&lt;br&gt;/La Vie de l&amp;#39;espace /,1928.&lt;br&gt;/La Vie des fourmis /,1930 (r&amp;#233;&amp;#233;d. 1969).&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;Araign&amp;#233;e de verre/, 1932.&lt;br&gt;/La Grande Loi/, 1933.&lt;br&gt;/Avant le grand silence/, 1934.&lt;br&gt;/Le Sablier/, 1936.&lt;br&gt;/Devant Dieu/, 1937.&lt;br&gt;/La Grande Porte/, 1939.&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;Autre Monde ou le Cadran stellaire/, 1942.&lt;p&gt;*A*utres &amp;#233;ditions&lt;br&gt;/Introduction &amp;#224; une psychologie des songes et autres r&amp;#233;cits/ &lt;br&gt;(1886-1896), Stefan Gross &amp;#233;d., &amp;#201;ditions Labor, coll. &amp;quot;Archives du &lt;br&gt;Futur&amp;quot;, 1985.&lt;br&gt;/Le Tr&amp;#233;sor des humbles/ (1896, pr&amp;#233;face Marc Rombault, lecture Alberte &lt;br&gt;Spinette, &amp;#201;ditions Mercure de France, Paris, &amp;#201;ditions Labor, coll. &lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Espace Nord&amp;quot;, 1986. /Bulles bleues, Souvenirs heureux/, &amp;#201;ditions du &lt;br&gt;Rocher, Monaco, 1948.&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;Intelligence des fleurs/, &amp;#201;ditions d&amp;#39;Aujourd&amp;#39;hui, coll. &amp;quot;Les &lt;br&gt;introuvables&amp;quot;, 1977. /La Vie de la nature/ : /L&amp;#39;Intelligence des &lt;br&gt;fleurs/, /La Vie des termites et la vie des fourmis/ &amp;#201;ditions Complexes, &lt;br&gt;1997.&lt;p&gt;*Traductions*&lt;br&gt;/L&amp;#39;Ornement des noces spirituelles/ de Ruysbroeck l&amp;#39;Admirable, &lt;br&gt;traduction du Flamand, &amp;#201;ditions Lacomblez, Paris, 1891.&lt;br&gt;/Les Disciples &amp;#224; Sa&amp;#239;s/ suivi des /Fragments/ de Novalis traduction de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;allemand, &amp;#201;ditions Jos&amp;#233; Corti, Paris, 1992.&lt;br&gt;/Annabella/ (/Tis&amp;#39;Pity She&amp;#39;s a Whore/)de John Ford, traduit et adapt&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;pour le Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre de l&amp;#39;Oeuvre, &amp;#201;ditions Ollendorf, 1895.&lt;br&gt;/La Trag&amp;#233;die de Macbeth/ de William Shakespeare, traduction et notes, &lt;br&gt;&amp;#201;ditions Pasquelle, 1910. &amp;#201;ditions Gallimard, coll. &amp;quot;Biblioth&amp;#232;que de la &lt;br&gt;Pl&amp;#233;iade&amp;quot;, 1959.&lt;p&gt;*Sur Maeterlinck*&lt;br&gt;/Le Centenaire de Maurice Maeterlinck(1862-1962)/, Acad&amp;#233;mie royale de &lt;br&gt;langue et de litt&amp;#233;rature fran&amp;#231;aises, Palais des Acad&amp;#233;mies, Bruxelles, 1964.&lt;br&gt;/Maurice Maeterlinck, 1862-1962/, sous la direction de J. Hanse et &lt;br&gt;Robert Vivier, &amp;#201;ditions La Renaissance du Livre, 1962.&lt;br&gt;/Europe/ num&amp;#233;ro consacr&amp;#233; &amp;#224; Maeterlinck, n&amp;#176; 399-400, juil-ao&amp;#251;t 1962.&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Maurice Maeterlinck&amp;quot;, /Synth&amp;#232;se/, n&amp;#176; 195, ao&amp;#251;t 1962.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-3417342978203678947?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3417342978203678947'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3417342978203678947'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/09/marterlinc-bibliographie-suivre.html' title='marterlinc bibliographie à suivre'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-3702558761477938750</id><published>2009-09-19T04:23:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-19T04:26:26.342-07:00</updated><title type='text'>mystique maeterlinck</title><content type='html'>/Pouvez-vous vivre sans prendre le risque d&amp;#39;aimer ?/&lt;p&gt;/Pouvez-vous pour survivre vous cuirasser sans amour ?/&lt;p&gt;/Quelle rencontre m&amp;#233;rite la douleur, la souffrance, la solitude ?/&lt;p&gt;/Quelle rencontre offre en cadeau la douleur, la souffrance, la solitude ?/&lt;p&gt;/Aux portes de l&amp;#39;Enfer, pourrez-vous dire : J&amp;#39;aime ?/&lt;p&gt;/Ayant dit les paroles fatales pensez-vous que vous pourriez &amp;#234;tre &lt;br&gt;accueilli dans ce lieu ?/&lt;p&gt;/Cyvard /&lt;p&gt;*VI*&lt;p&gt;Dante a symbolis&amp;#233; en Lucie l&amp;#39;id&amp;#233;e profonde de la Gr&amp;#226;ce Illuminante, et &lt;br&gt;en Rachel celle non moins admirable de la Vie Contemplative. Lucie et &lt;br&gt;Rachel ont, il me semble et si j&amp;#39;emploie une expression m&amp;#234;me de &lt;br&gt;Swedemborg, &amp;#171; le visage comme un &amp;#233;clair et les v&amp;#234;tements blancs et &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;blouissants. Elles doivent se pr&amp;#233;senter &amp;#224; nous quand nous sommes dans &lt;br&gt;la peine, et elles ne s&amp;#39;en vont sans doute jamais bien loin de nos &lt;br&gt;malheurs. Peut-&amp;#234;tre veillent-elles, depuis longtemps, autour de nos &lt;br&gt;foyers ; qui sait si elles n&amp;#39;habitent pas aupr&amp;#232;s de nos pens&amp;#233;es et si &lt;br&gt;elles ne demeurent pas toujours en pr&amp;#233;sence de nos Espoirs ? je crois, &lt;br&gt;aussi, que c&amp;#39;est Rachel qui doit venir la premi&amp;#232;re ; elle nous pr&amp;#233;pare &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;la m&amp;#233;ditation ; si nous ne nous recueillions jamais avec nous-m&amp;#234;mes nous &lt;br&gt;ne serions jamais dignes de recevoir Lucie. Il y en a donc une qui &lt;br&gt;avertit de la venue de l&amp;#39;autre, et qui nous purifie ineffablement pour &lt;br&gt;[87] la r&amp;#233;ception respectueuse que nous souhaitons lui faire. Lucie ne &lt;br&gt;vient vers nous que si nous sommes par&amp;#233;s de bonne volont&amp;#233;, ainsi que des &lt;br&gt;Cit&amp;#233;s en f&amp;#234;te que des mains auraient jonch&amp;#233;es de rameaux pour le passage &lt;br&gt;du Christ. Cela est essentiel. Elle ne saurait fouler que des parvis &lt;br&gt;blancs ni habiter d&amp;#39;autres &amp;#226;mes que celles qui sont pures. Pour M. &lt;br&gt;Maeterlinck, il en a &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; ainsi les po&amp;#232;mes de ses /Serres Chaudes/ ne son &lt;br&gt;que des recueillements contemplatifs. I1 s&amp;#39;y est pr&amp;#233;par&amp;#233; &amp;#224; recevoir &lt;br&gt;Lucie, dans les entretiens presque silencieux qu&amp;#39;il a eus avec Rachel. &lt;br&gt;Et Lucie ne s&amp;#39;est montr&amp;#233;e que peu &amp;#224; peu, &amp;#224; mesure qu&amp;#39;il est entr&amp;#233; en &lt;br&gt;relations avec les mystiques. Il la poss&amp;#232;de aujourd&amp;#39;hui compl&amp;#232;tement, et &lt;br&gt;c&amp;#39;est pourquoi il lui a &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; permis d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;crire le Tr&amp;#233;sor des humbles. Pour &lt;br&gt;cela, il a fallu bien des &amp;#233;tapes, bien des repos aupr&amp;#232;s, d&amp;#39;h&amp;#244;tes &lt;br&gt;accueillants, bien des pri&amp;#232;res devant la Mort, bien de l&amp;#39;amour devant la &lt;br&gt;Vie. Pour cela, il lui &amp;#224; fallu s&amp;#39;humilier beaucoup, et apprendre tant de &lt;br&gt;maux et se pencher sur tant de faces honteuses et sur tant de figures &lt;br&gt;rougies de l&amp;#232;pre et rong&amp;#233;es de haine ! Il lui a fallu, aussi s&amp;#39;immiscer &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; tant de mis&amp;#232;res, et toucher tant de plaies, et boire tant de larmes !&lt;p&gt;Il y a deux tableaux admirables dont je voudrais parler beaucoup parce &lt;br&gt;que je sui s&amp;#251;r que M Maeterlinck les a bien aim&amp;#233;s. Ils repr&amp;#233;sentent l&amp;#39;un &lt;br&gt;et l&amp;#39;autre plusieurs faces de ses songes. Le premier, l&amp;#39;une des &lt;br&gt;merveilles du Louvre, est de Van Eyck[1] &amp;lt;#_ftn1&amp;gt; les donataires &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;inclinent devant la Vierge ; cette Vierge a la face adorablement suave &lt;br&gt;de Rachel. Elle aussi se penche avec bont&amp;#233; vers l&amp;#39;hommage des fervents. &lt;br&gt;A travers les colonnades gr&amp;#234;les, par les fen&amp;#234;tres ouvertes, on aper&amp;#231;oit &lt;br&gt;au loin toute la Ville, et la rivi&amp;#232;re qui flue avec des barques &lt;br&gt;sillantes. Sur les genoux de sa m&amp;#232;re, l&amp;#39;Enfant divin rit aux rayons qu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;travers les vitraux des vo&amp;#251;tes le soleil fait se refl&amp;#233;ter sur les dalles &lt;br&gt;du parvis, Ni l&amp;#39;enfant, ni la Vierge, ni les donataires ne semblent &lt;br&gt;causer &amp;#224; voix haute, ni m&amp;#234;me balbutier &amp;#224; voix basse. Leurs l&amp;#232;vres sont &lt;br&gt;bien immobiles il n&amp;#39;y a que leurs yeux qui semblent s&amp;#39;animer d&amp;#39;une &lt;br&gt;compr&amp;#233;hension imperceptible, superficielle, en m&amp;#234;me temps que si &lt;br&gt;profonde ! Ils participent dirait-on, les uns et les autres, au sens &lt;br&gt;myst&amp;#233;rieux de la vie intime. &amp;#171; Les plus grands des hommes n&amp;#39;ont &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;grands que parce qu&amp;#39;ils avaient l&amp;#39;habitude d&amp;#39;ouvrir les yeux &amp;#224; toutes &lt;br&gt;les lumi&amp;#232;res. &amp;#187; A l&amp;#39;instant o&amp;#249; je les regarde, il me semble que ces &lt;br&gt;donataires soient tous les grands hommes dont parle le po&amp;#232;te. Ils [88] &lt;br&gt;ouvrent si candidement leurs yeux &amp;#224; toutes les lumi&amp;#232;res, de fa&amp;#231;on &amp;#224; s&amp;#39;en &lt;br&gt;impr&amp;#233;gner jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; la plus brillante de toutes les transfigurations et &lt;br&gt;jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; la plus rutilante des extases ! Bien qu&amp;#39;ils ne soient, sans &lt;br&gt;doute, que de simples marchands flamands, venus prier l&amp;#224;, entre une &lt;br&gt;heure d&amp;#39;H&amp;#244;tel-de-Ville et une heure de transaction, le peintre a mis sur &lt;br&gt;leurs faces la lueur de tant de convictions bienheureuses qu&amp;#39;il est &lt;br&gt;impossible de les envisager autrement que dans une attitude solennelle &lt;br&gt;et un agenouillement h&amp;#233;ro&amp;#239;que.&lt;p&gt;Le second pan de retable est du divin Memling. Il figure les fian&amp;#231;ailles &lt;br&gt;de J&amp;#233;sus avec sainte Catherine, l&amp;#39;union de la nouvelle &amp;#233;pouse avec &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;Agneau pascal.&lt;p&gt;Il y a ici, une nouvelle visiteuse. Si la Vierge de Van Eyck semblait &lt;br&gt;exactement Rachel, c&amp;#39;est Lucie certainement, cette fois, qui se &lt;br&gt;substitue &amp;#224; Catherine. Les noces spirituelles sont consomm&amp;#233;s, et leur &lt;br&gt;joie ineffable brille, intense, aux pierreries m&amp;#234;mes de ce rational dont &lt;br&gt;Ruysbroeck l&amp;#39;Admirable a d&amp;#233;crit les vertus secr&amp;#232;tes, dans l&amp;#39;un de ses &lt;br&gt;livres m&amp;#233;morables. C&amp;#39;est ainsi que Thierry Bouts, que Van Eyck, que Hans &lt;br&gt;Memling sont des mystiques, eux aussi et de fa&amp;#231;on aussi haute que des &lt;br&gt;po&amp;#232;tes !&lt;p&gt;&amp;#171; Il faudrait s&amp;#39;habituer &amp;#224; vivre comme un ange qui vient de na&amp;#238;tre, &lt;br&gt;comme une femme qui aime ou comme un homme qui va mourir. &amp;#187; (Chapitre &lt;br&gt;sur la Vie profonde.) Ces vieux maitres n&amp;#39;ont pas eu besoin de &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;habituer &amp;#224; tant de choses pour devenir ainsi : d&amp;#232;s que leurs yeux se &lt;br&gt;sont ouverts sur la vie, ils l&amp;#39;ont envisag&amp;#233;e aussit&amp;#244;t avec sagesse et &lt;br&gt;avec r&amp;#233;flexion. Il n&amp;#39;a pas &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; n&amp;#233;cessaire qu&amp;#39;ils se pr&amp;#233;parassent. Leur &lt;br&gt;&amp;#226;me n&amp;#39;a pas eu besoin de s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;duquer autrement. Elle n&amp;#39;apparaissait pas &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;pays&amp;#233;e devant l&amp;#39;existence ordinaire parce qu&amp;#39;elle apercevait tout &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;travers un regard miraculeux et simple, dont le charme savait embellir &lt;br&gt;et sanctifier les plus vulgaires aspects et orner les plus quotidiens &lt;br&gt;travaux d&amp;#39;une richesse luxueuse.&lt;p&gt;Sainte Catherine de Sienne &amp;#233;tait si croyante que les plus petites et les &lt;br&gt;plus grossi&amp;#232;res des choses de ce monde ne lui apparaissaient jamais &lt;br&gt;autrement que transform&amp;#233;es et par&amp;#233;es comme des joyaux pr&amp;#233;cieux. D&amp;#232;s son &lt;br&gt;jeune &amp;#226;ge, elle s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait accoutum&amp;#233;e &amp;#224; ce mirage. Dans la plus obscure &lt;br&gt;cuisine d&amp;#39;un clo&amp;#238;tre, au milieu des ignobles relents de nourriture &lt;br&gt;sordide, entre les murailles d&amp;#233;cr&amp;#233;pites et humides, elle se trouvait, &lt;br&gt;selon sa confession, int&amp;#233;rieurement dans un palais spirituel [89] et &lt;br&gt;enchant&amp;#233;, au milieu des parfums et des musiques et parmi les abondances &lt;br&gt;permises d&amp;#39;un s&amp;#233;jour prestigieux. Ainsi durent s&amp;#39;illusionner &amp;#233;galement &lt;br&gt;Thierry Bouts, Van Eyck, Memling, Ruysbrœck l&amp;#39;Admirable !&lt;p&gt;M. Maeterlinck peut communier &amp;#224; leur compr&amp;#233;hension.&lt;p&gt;Les po&amp;#232;mes des /Serres Chaudes/ ne contiennent pas d&amp;#39;exub&amp;#233;rances outr&amp;#233;es &lt;br&gt;ils d&amp;#233;taillent simplement de petits faits et de petites impressions. Le &lt;br&gt;grand souffle de l&amp;#39;Amour n&amp;#39;y est pas parvenu encore &amp;#224; sa piti&amp;#233; humaine. &lt;br&gt;Tout s&amp;#39;y trouve comme, restreint &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;exil d&amp;#39;une prison artificielle o&amp;#249; &lt;br&gt;il ferait extraordinairement froid, je n&amp;#39;aimerais pas &amp;#224; y demeurer. &lt;br&gt;L&amp;#39;atmosph&amp;#232;re qu&amp;#39;on y respire est &amp;#233;touffante &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;exc&amp;#232;s. Tout ne peut se &lt;br&gt;transfigurer que par la fa&amp;#231;on avec laquelle on envisage. Et, ici, les &lt;br&gt;voix qu&amp;#39;on entend ont de telles plaintes Il y b&amp;#234;le tant d&amp;#39;agneaux &lt;br&gt;destin&amp;#233;s aux h&amp;#233;catombes, de pauvres malades y pullulent en telle &lt;br&gt;affluence, et aussi tant de m&amp;#233;lancolie y flotte :&lt;p&gt;Mon &amp;#226;me !&lt;p&gt;&amp;#212; mon &amp;#226;me vraiment trop &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;abri !&lt;p&gt;Et ces troupeaux de mes d&amp;#233;sirs dans une serre !&lt;p&gt;Attendant une temp&amp;#234;te sur les prairies !&lt;p&gt;Allons vers les plus malades :&lt;p&gt;Ils ont d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tranges exhalaisons.&lt;p&gt;Au milieu d&amp;#39;eux, je traverse un champ de bataille avec ma m&amp;#232;re.&lt;p&gt;On enterre un fr&amp;#232;re d&amp;#39;armes &amp;#224; midi,&lt;p&gt;Tandis que les sentinelles prennent leur repas.&lt;p&gt;Allons aussi vers les plus faibles :&lt;p&gt;Ils ont d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tranges sueurs ;&lt;p&gt;Voici une fianc&amp;#233;e malade,&lt;p&gt;Une trahison e dimanche&lt;p&gt;Et des petits enfants en prison.&lt;p&gt;(Et plus loin, &amp;#224; travers la vapeur,)&lt;p&gt;Est-ce une mourante &amp;#224; la porte d&amp;#39;une cuisine ?&lt;p&gt;Ou une sœur &amp;#233;pluchant des l&amp;#233;gumes au pied du lit d&amp;#39;un incurable ?&lt;p&gt;Allons enfin vers les plus tristes :&lt;p&gt;(En dernier lieu, car ils ont des poisons.)&lt;p&gt;Oh ! mes l&amp;#232;vres acceptent les baisers d&amp;#39;un bless&amp;#233; !&lt;p&gt;Toutes les ch&amp;#226;telaines sont mortes de faim, cet &amp;#233;t&amp;#233;, dans les tours de &lt;br&gt;mon &amp;#226;me !&lt;p&gt;Voici le petit jour qui entre dans la f&amp;#234;te !&lt;p&gt;J&amp;#39;entrevois des brebis le long des quais,&lt;p&gt;Et il y a une voile aux fen&amp;#234;tres de l&amp;#39;h&amp;#244;pital.&lt;p&gt;Il y a un long chemin de mon cœur &amp;#224; mon &amp;#226;me !&lt;p&gt;Et toutes les sentinelles sont mortes &amp;#224; leur poste !&lt;p&gt;Il y eut un jour une pauvre petite f&amp;#234;te dans les faubourgs de mon &amp;#226;me !&lt;p&gt;On y fauchait la cigu&amp;#235; un dimanche matin ;&lt;p&gt;Et toutes les vierges du couvent regardaient passer les vaisseaux sur le &lt;br&gt;canal, un jour de je&amp;#251;ne et de soleil.&lt;p&gt;Tandis que les cygnes souffraient sous un pont v&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;neux ;&lt;p&gt;On &amp;#233;mondait les arbres autour de la prison,&lt;p&gt;On apportait des rem&amp;#232;des une apr&amp;#232;s-midi de Juin,&lt;p&gt;Et des repas de malades s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tendaient &amp;#224; tous les horizons !&lt;p&gt;Mon &amp;#226;me !&lt;p&gt;Et la tristesse de tout cela, mon &amp;#226;me ! et la tristesse de tout cela !&lt;p&gt;La plupart de ces po&amp;#232;mes seraient plut&amp;#244;t des canevas d&amp;#39;oeuvres plus &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;tendues, plus tard r&amp;#233;alis&amp;#233;es en drames. Le po&amp;#232;te recueille ses petites &lt;br&gt;tristesses et ses petites joies. Il se fait observateur minutieux, et &lt;br&gt;semblerait qu&amp;#39;il veuille jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; leurs plus imperceptibles nuances &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;tudier les fleurs minuscules et les fillettes h&amp;#226;ves, les atomes &lt;br&gt;incorporels presque, ou encore les monades ! Ou d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224; les &amp;#226;mes ! Il &lt;br&gt;recherche, pour en orner sa beaut&amp;#233; int&amp;#233;rieure, les parures les plus &lt;br&gt;habituelles et les d&amp;#233;cors les plus communs, C&amp;#39;est que de la &lt;br&gt;mortification de tant de calamit&amp;#233;s il retirera tant de r&amp;#233;compense et de &lt;br&gt;satisfaction, plus tard, lorsqu&amp;#39;il aura compati. Son &amp;#226;me, ainsi que &lt;br&gt;celle de sainte Catherine de Sienne, saura s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;duquer au voisinage banal &lt;br&gt;et familier de chaque jour et de chaque endroit, et, peu &amp;#224; peu, dans la &lt;br&gt;parole d&amp;#39;un enfant, dans les r&amp;#233;flexions du petit Allan, du petit Yniold &lt;br&gt;ou du petit Tintagiles, il d&amp;#233;couvrira des tr&amp;#233;sors de- bont&amp;#233; infinie et &lt;br&gt;des fortunes d&amp;#39;amour in&amp;#233;puisable il eu aura appris, aupr&amp;#232;s d&amp;#39;eux, plus &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;aupr&amp;#232;s de La Rochefoucauld ou de Stendhal.[2] &amp;lt;#_ftn2&amp;gt; &amp;#187; Et parce &lt;br&gt;que, dans l&amp;#39;entretien et la compagnie de ces enfants il se sera trouv&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;plus proche de ce qui est imp&amp;#233;rissable. Aussi, dans la Que[91]nouille et &lt;br&gt;la Besace s&amp;#39;y exprimera-t-il avec moins de pessimisme que dans les &lt;br&gt;Serres Chaudes, avec moins d&amp;#233; po&amp;#233;sie artificielle et avez des refrains &lt;br&gt;de complaintes plus d&amp;#233;licates, plus douces, plus &amp;#233;mouvantes :&lt;p&gt;Les sept filles d&amp;#39;Orlamonde,&lt;p&gt;Quand la f&amp;#233;e fut morte,&lt;p&gt;Les sept filles d&amp;#39;Orlamonde,&lt;p&gt;Ont cherch&amp;#233; les portes.&lt;p&gt;Ont allum&amp;#233; leurs sept lampes,&lt;p&gt;Ont ouvert les tours,&lt;p&gt;Ont ouvert quatre cents salles,&lt;p&gt;Sans trouver le jour...&lt;p&gt;Arrivent aux grottes sonores,&lt;p&gt;Descendent alors ;&lt;p&gt;Et sur une porte close,&lt;p&gt;Trouvent une clef d&amp;#39;or.&lt;p&gt;Voient l&amp;#39;oc&amp;#233;an par les fentes,&lt;p&gt;Ont peur de mourir,&lt;p&gt;Et frappent &amp;#224; la porte close,&lt;p&gt;Sans oser l&amp;#39;ouvrir...&lt;p&gt;*VII*&lt;p&gt;* *&lt;p&gt;J&amp;#39;aurais pu discuter autrement et pi&amp;#232;ce par pi&amp;#232;ce les oeuvres &lt;br&gt;dramatiques de Maurice Maeterlinck contester aussi les proc&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;s obtenus &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;onomatop&amp;#233;es et de r&amp;#233;p&amp;#233;titions dont, bien souvent, il abusa. Mais j&amp;#39;ai &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#233;f&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; le m&amp;#233;diter, l&amp;#39;approfondir et le comprendre, &amp;#224; travers plut&amp;#244;t son &lt;br&gt;dernier ouvrage. Je crois ainsi avoir agi avec sagesse. Les plus graves &lt;br&gt;beaut&amp;#233;s de la /Princesse Maleine, des Sept Princesses, de l&amp;#39;Intruse, des &lt;br&gt;Aveugles, de Pell&amp;#233;as et M&amp;#233;lisande, d&amp;#39;Anodine et Palomides, d&amp;#39;Int&amp;#233;rieur &lt;br&gt;et de la Mort de Tintagiles/ apparaissent sus un tout autre aspect et se &lt;br&gt;pr&amp;#233;sentent sous une lumi&amp;#232;re qu&amp;#39;on ne leur soup&amp;#231;onnait pas aussi &lt;br&gt;brillante, avant de s&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;tr&amp;#233;, jusqu&amp;#39;au plus secret de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me, des &lt;br&gt;ressorts qu&amp;#39;avait imagin&amp;#233;s le dramaturge pour nous &amp;#233;mouvoir et des &lt;br&gt;complications que, par un jeu du Destin et de la Vie, il avait su &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;couvrir, pour en charmer notre silence et en effrayer notre inaction. &lt;br&gt;Seulement (et sur cela j&amp;#39;insiste rigoureusement) ce Tr&amp;#233;sor des Humbles &lt;br&gt;ne r&amp;#233;pandra pas ses richesses &amp;#224; toutes les &amp;#226;mes. Sa bont&amp;#233; et sa fortune &lt;br&gt;ne fructifieront qu&amp;#39;au coeur de ceux qui [92] ont le culte de la haute &lt;br&gt;religion de l&amp;#39;Amour. Les &amp;#233;go&amp;#239;stes ne prendront jamais part aux &lt;br&gt;jouissances profondes de cette charit&amp;#233; admirable et de cette Piti&amp;#233; qui &lt;br&gt;est la plus lumineuse de toutes. Les &amp;#233;go&amp;#239;stes souriront aux accents &amp;#233;mus &lt;br&gt;et sinc&amp;#232;res de ce po&amp;#232;te, comme, certainement, ils sourient aux &lt;br&gt;balbutiantes beaut&amp;#233;s de livres qui ne leur demeurent plus familiers et &lt;br&gt;que, certainement, ils trouvent d&amp;#233;sormais trop pu&amp;#233;rils pour leur &lt;br&gt;mis&amp;#233;rable philosophie. Pour comprendre Ralph Waldo Emerson, il faut se &lt;br&gt;nommer Thomas Carlyle[3] &amp;lt;#_ftn3&amp;gt; (1), pour comprendre Fr&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;ric von &lt;br&gt;Hardenberg, il faut &amp;#234;tre Tieck ou Fr&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;ric Schlegel ; et pour comprendre &lt;br&gt;ce que Maurice Maeterlinck a su apporter, &amp;#224; la fois, de spiritualit&amp;#233; et &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233;, de religion divine et de bont&amp;#233; sinc&amp;#232;re &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;oeuvre dont nous &lt;br&gt;avons essay&amp;#233; de p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;trer, jusque dans ses intimes complications, la tout &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;loquente v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; et la toute lumineuse justice, il faut, soi-m&amp;#234;me, avoir &lt;br&gt;reconquis la candeur d&amp;#39;un enfant, ou la croyance d&amp;#39;une femme, ou la &lt;br&gt;naturelle sensibilit&amp;#233; d&amp;#39;un homme enthousiaste je suis persuad&amp;#233; que, bien &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;ils fussent le premier Lunetier et le second cordonnier, un Spinoza &lt;br&gt;ou un Jacob Boehme trouv&amp;#232;rent, parmi les simples Gens du peuple, des &lt;br&gt;&amp;#234;tres frustes qui les comprirent, bien davantage que les faux savants et &lt;br&gt;que les faux professeurs des rh&amp;#233;toriques absurdes. Il n&amp;#39;est qu&amp;#39;une seule &lt;br&gt;science et il n&amp;#39;est qu&amp;#39;une seule loi[4] &amp;lt;#_ftn4&amp;gt; (2) celles que nous &lt;br&gt;nous enseignons &amp;#224; nous-m&amp;#234;mes et dont nous savons orner notre pens&amp;#233;e et &lt;br&gt;embellir notre songe. La voix des rh&amp;#233;teurs ne nous importe plus gu&amp;#232;re, &lt;br&gt;alors. D&amp;#232;s qu&amp;#39;une &amp;#226;me s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;veille, ou qu&amp;#39;une-bouche sourit, ou qu&amp;#39;une &lt;br&gt;fleur s&amp;#39;entrouvre, il se passe un &amp;#233;v&amp;#233;nement bien plus consid&amp;#233;rable que &lt;br&gt;si de vains sophistes s&amp;#39;effor&amp;#231;aient de nous apprendre, en abondantes &lt;br&gt;paroles, le cours des choses qu&amp;#39;ils ne savent pas eux-m&amp;#234;mes tr&amp;#232;s &lt;br&gt;parfaitement. J&amp;#39;admire le Cygne, Orion et Alta&amp;#239;r, et, dans leur &lt;br&gt;scintillante clart&amp;#233;, je trouve mille fois plus [93] de belles lumi&amp;#232;res &lt;br&gt;que dans les phrases scientifiques de l&amp;#39;astronome qui est &amp;#224; mes c&amp;#244;t&amp;#233;s. &lt;br&gt;Or, il est des hommes qui ne sont que de simples faits, et il en est &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;autres qui sont consid&amp;#233;rables, par leur situation mondaine et leur &lt;br&gt;savoir profond. Il en est — des &amp;#234;tres qui s&amp;#39;ouvrent comme des fleurs, &lt;br&gt;sourient comme les l&amp;#232;vres, brillent comme les &amp;#233;toiles, et il en est &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;autres qui ne sont que d&amp;#39;apparents orateurs passagers et fugaces ! Les &lt;br&gt;premiers sont des fr&amp;#232;res spirituels ; pour les autres, nous nous devons &lt;br&gt;&amp;#224; nous-m&amp;#234;mes de les ignorer de plus en plus.&lt;p&gt;Pour moi, je sais de supr&amp;#234;mes intelligences et, &amp;#224; c&amp;#244;t&amp;#233; de cela, de &lt;br&gt;frustes et moindres esprits, encore grossiers, qui se sont p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;tr&amp;#233;s du &lt;br&gt;/Tr&amp;#233;sor des Humbles/. Leur avis ne s&amp;#39;est pas traduit, aupr&amp;#232;s de moi, en &lt;br&gt;banales paroles la plupart ont failli sangloter, tant ils se sont &lt;br&gt;trouv&amp;#233;s &amp;#233;mus. Mais ils ont pr&amp;#233;f&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; sourire simplement. Un peu de l&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me &lt;br&gt;du livre &amp;#233;tait pass&amp;#233; en eux, et ils avaient appris par eux-m&amp;#234;mes la &lt;br&gt;toute divine s&amp;#233;r&amp;#233;nit&amp;#233; dont le verbe du po&amp;#232;te les avait charm&amp;#233;s, &lt;br&gt;naturellement.&lt;p&gt;Le mysticisme de Maeterlinck n&amp;#39;est pas celui de la philosophie &lt;br&gt;allemande, ce n&amp;#39;est pas celui, non plus, de la philosophie alexandrine. &lt;br&gt;Il est &amp;#224; la fois bien simple et bien plus &amp;#233;lev&amp;#233;. Toute la clart&amp;#233; des &lt;br&gt;doctrines n&amp;#233;oplatoniciennes de Plotin et de Porphyre s&amp;#39;y allie &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;humble et famili&amp;#232;re, presque pastorale douceur de Novalis et de &lt;br&gt;Swedenborg ; et je ne sais point si quelque reflet de la grande bont&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;hindoue ne s&amp;#39;y trouve propag&amp;#233;e aussi. A l&amp;#39;entendre, on croirait, maintes &lt;br&gt;fois, &amp;#233;couter Bo&amp;#232;ce parlant dans son cachot de Ticinumi apr&amp;#232;s que la &lt;br&gt;grande Sophia le f&amp;#251;t venue consoler ; et, cependant, on songerait &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;galement &amp;#224; Krishna ! C&amp;#39;est que la religion de l&amp;#39;Amour est infinie et &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;ternelle ! des hommes qui furent des dieux la ch&amp;#233;rirent et la &lt;br&gt;v&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;r&amp;#232;rent il y a de nombreux si&amp;#232;cles ; d&amp;#39;autres qui sont d&amp;#39;authentiques &lt;br&gt;g&amp;#233;nies la perp&amp;#233;tuent &amp;#224; travers les &amp;#226;ges et ils en font le don supr&amp;#234;me &lt;br&gt;aux g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rations croissantes. Lorsque s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;veille, aupr&amp;#232;s de nous la grande &lt;br&gt;compassion d un Walt Whitman, d&amp;#39;un Tolsto&amp;#239;, d&amp;#39;un Fr&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;ric Nietzsche, &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#39;un William Morris, les paroles avec lesquelles elle se trouve exprim&amp;#233;e &lt;br&gt;ne nous paraissent pas nouvelles J&amp;#233;sus les avait prononc&amp;#233;es bien avant &lt;br&gt;eux, et les Ap&amp;#244;tres ! Nous avons la prescience, aussi, que d&amp;#39;autres &lt;br&gt;viendront encore qui les r&amp;#233;p&amp;#233;teront &amp;#224; leur tour, apr&amp;#232;s Whitman, Tolsto&amp;#239;, &lt;br&gt;Nietzche ou William Morris ; un enfant, peut-&amp;#234;tre, qui soulagera des &lt;br&gt;aveugles ou un [94] grand philosophe v&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;r&amp;#233; qui enseignera les peuples &lt;br&gt;seront, &amp;#224; l&amp;#224; fois, leurs continuateurs et leurs disciples bien-aim&amp;#233;s !&lt;p&gt;&amp;#171; Chaque homme est absolument &amp;#224; lui-m&amp;#234;me la voie, la v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; et la Vie &amp;#187;, &lt;br&gt;dit quelque part la sagesse orientale, dans ce merveilleux petit &lt;br&gt;opuscule de la Lumi&amp;#232;re sur le Sentier, M. Maeterlinck a d&amp;#39;abord &amp;#233;t&amp;#233;, &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;soi-m&amp;#234;me, la Voie, la V&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; et la Vie, mais, par un don de charit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;inoubliable, il a voulu &amp;#233;tendre &amp;#224; ses autres fr&amp;#232;res &amp;#233;gar&amp;#233;s les pr&amp;#233;ceptes &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;il s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait trouv&amp;#233;s &amp;#224; lui m&amp;#234;me et leur donner, en abondance, :toute la &lt;br&gt;doctrine simple, lumineuse et admirable dont il s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait plu &amp;#224; enchanter &lt;br&gt;ses R&amp;#234;ves. Il faut lui en &amp;#234;tre profond&amp;#233;ment reconnaissant et il faut &lt;br&gt;beaucoup le remercier pour tous l&amp;#233;s dons spirituels dont il nous a dot&amp;#233;s.&lt;p&gt;&amp;#171; Si j&amp;#39;ai traduit ceci, c&amp;#39;est uniquement parce que je crois que les &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;crits des mystiques sont les :plus purs diamants du prodigieux tr&amp;#233;sor &lt;br&gt;de l&amp;#39;humanit&amp;#233; &amp;#233;crit lui-m&amp;#234;me M Maeterlinck &amp;#224; propos de Ruysbroek &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;Admirable. A mon tour je puis dire : &amp;#171; Si j&amp;#39;ai comment&amp;#233; ceci, de fa&amp;#231;on &lt;br&gt;aussi malhabile mais aussi bien sinc&amp;#232;re, c&amp;#39;est parce que j&amp;#39;ai cru que ce &lt;br&gt;/Tr&amp;#233;sor des Humbles/ &amp;#233;tait un des plus clairs joyaux de la grande &lt;br&gt;richesse humaine et parce que je n&amp;#39;ai pas voulu que ses rayons &lt;br&gt;restassent obscurcis par le silence des m&amp;#233;chants. Parce que j&amp;#39;en suis &lt;br&gt;demeur&amp;#233; tout &amp;#233;bloui, je ne sais si j&amp;#39;ai pu en p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;trer toutes les nuances.&lt;p&gt;Songez que de telles paroles y sont dites relativement aux sympathies &lt;br&gt;que nous pouvons avoir : &amp;#171; En toute amiti&amp;#233; un peu longue, il arrive un &lt;br&gt;moment myst&amp;#233;rieux o&amp;#249; nous apercevons, pour ainsi dire, la situation &lt;br&gt;exacte de notre ami, par rapport &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;inconnu qui l&amp;#39;entoure, et &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;attitude de la Destin&amp;#233;e envers lui. C&amp;#39;est &amp;#224; partir de ce moment qu&amp;#39;il &lt;br&gt;nous, appartient v&amp;#233;ritablement. &amp;#187; J&amp;#39;ai aim&amp;#233; cet &amp;#233;crivain &amp;#224; cause de cet &lt;br&gt;aveu ; je l&amp;#39;ai aim&amp;#233; encore &amp;#224; cause de beaucoup d&amp;#39;autres beaut&amp;#233;s plus &lt;br&gt;nombreuses et plus saisissantes. je n&amp;#39;ai jamais entendu le son de sa &lt;br&gt;voix physique. Mais la parole int&amp;#233;rieure m&amp;#39;a fait comprendre de tels &lt;br&gt;myst&amp;#232;res et m&amp;#39;a &amp;#233;clair&amp;#233; sur tant de mondes que j&amp;#39;ai pens&amp;#233; d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224; me &lt;br&gt;souvenir de l&amp;#39;avoir entendue. C&amp;#39;est que, bien avant qu&amp;#39;il ne par&amp;#251;t, &lt;br&gt;au-del&amp;#224; des temps, les Enn&amp;#233;ades, les Pens&amp;#233;es, l&amp;#39;Homme de d&amp;#233;sir, les &lt;br&gt;Essais et les Disciples &amp;#224; Sa&amp;#239;s avait &amp;#233;t&amp;#233; &amp;#233;crits. Une voix &amp;#233;tait l&amp;#224;, &lt;br&gt;vagissante, que nous ne percevions qu&amp;#39;imparfaitement, Il est venu et il &lt;br&gt;a parl&amp;#233; et ses discours ont fait, sur tant de confusion, beaucoup de &lt;br&gt;clart&amp;#233; pure.&lt;p&gt;[95]&lt;p&gt;Au fond nous ne vivons que d&amp;#39;&amp;#226;me &amp;#224; &amp;#226;me et nous sommes des dieux qui &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;ignorent &amp;#187; Que plusieurs &amp;#226;mes comme la sienne se r&amp;#233;v&amp;#232;lent aupr&amp;#232;s de &lt;br&gt;nous, et nous ne nous ignorerons plus jamais. De m&amp;#234;mes paroles d&amp;#39;amour &lt;br&gt;et de v&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233; nous feront bient&amp;#244;t nous reconna&amp;#238;tre. Nous deviendrons des &lt;br&gt;Ap&amp;#244;tres &amp;#233;blouis de lumi&amp;#232;re et nos mains ne sauront plus que s&amp;#39;unir &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;troitement dans la pri&amp;#232;re, la charit&amp;#233; et la r&amp;#233;demption.&lt;p&gt;*EDMOND PILON*&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;p&gt;[1] &amp;lt;#_ftnref1&amp;gt; Des &amp;#233;l&amp;#233;ments spatiaux font penser au paysage de la &lt;br&gt;Vierge et le chancelier Rollin !&lt;p&gt;[2] &amp;lt;#_ftnref2&amp;gt; /Pr&amp;#233;face aux Essais d&amp;#39;Emerson/&lt;p&gt;[3] &amp;lt;#_ftnref3&amp;gt; /(1) D&amp;#39;une lettre, caract&amp;#233;ristique de ce que j&amp;#39;avance, &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;crite par Carlyle &amp;#224; Emerson, &amp;#224; propos de la conf&amp;#233;rence de ce dernier &lt;br&gt;sur l&amp;#39;Homme-Pensant (Magazine international, traduction Bazalgette) : &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;J&amp;#39;ai un compagnon, un fr&amp;#232;re, que Dieu en soit lou&amp;#233; ! pr&amp;#234;t &amp;#224; pleurer en &lt;br&gt;lisant ce discours dont la pure et haute m&amp;#233;lodie me p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;trait le cœur. &lt;br&gt;je dis &amp;#224; ma femme : lis ceci. Elle le lut et me le rendit. Pour r&amp;#233;ponse, &lt;br&gt;elle me charge de vous dire que l&amp;#39;on n&amp;#39;a rien vu de semblable depuis que &lt;br&gt;Schiller est mort…&amp;#187;/&lt;p&gt;[4] &amp;lt;#_ftnref4&amp;gt; /(2) &amp;#171; La loi de Dieu est une loi d&amp;#39;amour, et l&amp;#39;amour ne &lt;br&gt;s&amp;#39;&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;ve point au-dessus des autres, mais il se sacrifie aux autres, &amp;#187; &lt;br&gt;Lamennais, Paroles d&amp;#39;un croyant. /&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-3702558761477938750?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3702558761477938750'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3702558761477938750'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/09/mystique-maeterlinck_19.html' title='mystique maeterlinck'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8010146596383227952.post-3520735044805092923</id><published>2009-09-17T05:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-18T07:54:02.053-07:00</updated><title type='text'>hommes autrefois illustres</title><content type='html'>*Morellet*, plus &amp;#226;g&amp;#233; que Geoffroy, &amp;#233;tait un vieillard au commencement du &lt;br&gt;19^e si&amp;#232;cle. Il &amp;#233;tait n&amp;#233; en 1727 ; mais il &amp;#233;tait arriv&amp;#233; tr&amp;#232;s tard &amp;#224; la &lt;br&gt;c&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;brit&amp;#233;. Il traversa toute la seconde moiti&amp;#233; du 18^e si&amp;#232;cle en &lt;br&gt;&amp;#233;crivant beaucoup sur diverses questions litt&amp;#233;raires, collaborant &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;/Encyclop&amp;#233;die/ et au /Mercure/, acqu&amp;#233;rant ainsi l&amp;#39;estime et l&amp;#39;amiti&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;de Voltaire, de Marmontel, de Diderot, de d&amp;#39;Alembert, sans conqu&amp;#233;rir la &lt;br&gt;popularit&amp;#233;. Vers 1780, Marie-Joseph Ch&amp;#233;nier rappelait m&amp;#233;chamment &amp;#171; &lt;br&gt;enfant de soixante ans qui promet quelque chose &amp;#187;. Il &amp;#233;tait pourtant de &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;Acad&amp;#233;mie fran&amp;#231;aise et il a une place importante dans l&amp;#39;histoire de &lt;br&gt;cette compagnie, parce que c&amp;#39;est lui qui, en 1793, quand l&amp;#39;Acad&amp;#233;mie fut &lt;br&gt;supprim&amp;#233;e, en cacha chez lui les Archives, les registres et les &lt;br&gt;manuscrits du Dictionnaire, jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;poque (1803) o&amp;#249; l&amp;#39;Acad&amp;#233;mie fut &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;tablie. En 1801, l&amp;#39;art nouveau qui se manifestait par les premiers &lt;br&gt;ouvrages de Chateaubriand le suffoqua ; il &amp;#233;crivit une brochure c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre &lt;br&gt;: /Observations critiques sur le roman intitul&amp;#233; Atala/ ; il y protestait &lt;br&gt;contre la mani&amp;#232;re d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;crire du nouvel auteur et contre ses tendances &lt;br&gt;religieuses. Il eut le temps de voir &amp;#224; qui les nouvelles g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;rations &lt;br&gt;donnaient raison et que le 18^e si&amp;#232;cle &amp;#233;tait bien fini ; car il ne &lt;br&gt;mourut qu&amp;#39;en 1819. C&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tait un tr&amp;#232;s honn&amp;#234;te homme, non sans esprit, ayant &lt;br&gt;du go&amp;#251;t, quoique un peu &amp;#233;troit, et d&amp;#39;une grande sagesse et mod&amp;#233;ration en &lt;br&gt;toutes choses.&lt;p&gt;*Dussault*, comme Geoffroy, &amp;#233;crivait au /Journal des D&amp;#233;bats/ ; il &amp;#233;tait &lt;br&gt;relativement peu instruit, mais avait un souci extr&amp;#234;me du style et y &lt;br&gt;r&amp;#233;ussissait. Ses articles sont encore tr&amp;#232;s agr&amp;#233;ables &amp;#224; lire, quoique de &lt;br&gt;peu de fond et si circonspects qu&amp;#39;ils ne vont jamais jusqu&amp;#39;&amp;#224; une &lt;br&gt;conclusion nette et &amp;#224; un jugement d&amp;#233;cid&amp;#233;. El&amp;#232;ve de Jean-Jacques &lt;br&gt;Rousseau, pour ce qui est de l&amp;#39;expression, il abusait un peu des &lt;br&gt;proc&amp;#233;d&amp;#233;s de style du c&amp;#233;l&amp;#232;bre &amp;#233;crivain. Il avait une certaine autorit&amp;#233; &lt;br&gt;qu&amp;#39;il devait &amp;#224; l&amp;#39;air de bonne compagnie qu&amp;#39;il mettait dans tout ce qui &lt;br&gt;parlait de sa main.&lt;p&gt;Hoffman, tr&amp;#232;s instruit, au contraire, et presque &amp;#233;rudit, avait de la &lt;br&gt;d&amp;#233;cision et de la fermet&amp;#233; dans sa critique et un rare instinct &amp;#224; &lt;br&gt;discerner ce qui dans les succ&amp;#232;s des &amp;#233;crivains du temps &amp;#233;tait engouement &lt;br&gt;ou effet de la r&amp;#233;clame, auquel cas son bonheur &amp;#233;tait de secouer les &lt;br&gt;illusions du public et de d&amp;#233;molir [313] l&amp;#39;&amp;#233;difice construit par &lt;br&gt;l&amp;#39;intrigue. Il avait fait beaucoup d&amp;#39;op&amp;#233;ras, de com&amp;#233;dies et m&amp;#234;me de &lt;br&gt;drames, dont aucun n&amp;#39;a d&amp;#233;pass&amp;#233; les limites du succ&amp;#232;s temporaire, sauf &lt;br&gt;/les Rendez-vous bourgeois/ (1807), op&amp;#233;ra-bouffe divertissant qu&amp;#39;on &lt;br&gt;jouait encore au milieu du XIX^e si&amp;#232;cle, et /le Roman d&amp;#39;une heure/, &lt;br&gt;com&amp;#233;die tr&amp;#232;s fine et tr&amp;#232;s spirituelle (1803). Il &amp;#233;tait n&amp;#233; en 1760, il &lt;br&gt;mourut en 1823.&lt;p&gt;De F&amp;#233;letz &amp;#233;tait de tous les critiques du temps le plus mondain, le plus &lt;br&gt;aristocratique et le plus attique. La plus fine fleur du meilleur 18^e &lt;br&gt;si&amp;#232;cle &amp;#233;tait en lui et tout salon o&amp;#249; il entrait (et il allait dans tous &lt;br&gt;ceux qui &amp;#233;taient de bon ton) devenait par sa pr&amp;#233;sence celui de Mme du &lt;br&gt;Deffand. Dans ses articles il &amp;#233;tait le m&amp;#234;me homme qu&amp;#39;accoud&amp;#233; au coin de &lt;br&gt;la chemin&amp;#233;e, d&amp;#233;licat, ais&amp;#233;, judicieux, tr&amp;#232;s fin et tr&amp;#232;s malicieux sans &lt;br&gt;cesser d&amp;#39;&amp;#234;tre poli. A une &amp;#233;poque o&amp;#249; les Fran&amp;#231;ais &amp;#233;taient &amp;#233;loquents et &lt;br&gt;allaient le devenir plus encore, il sut rester l&amp;#39;homme d&amp;#39;esprit au geste &lt;br&gt;sobre, &amp;#224; la pens&amp;#233;e d&amp;#233;li&amp;#233;e et &amp;#224; la phrase courte. Il vieillit avec gr&amp;#226;ce, &lt;br&gt;tr&amp;#232;s entour&amp;#233;, tr&amp;#232;s choy&amp;#233; par des amiti&amp;#233;s fid&amp;#232;les qui &amp;#233;taient m&amp;#233;rit&amp;#233;es. &lt;br&gt;Il mourut &amp;#224; plus de quatre-vingts ans, recherch&amp;#233; encore pour son &lt;br&gt;amabilit&amp;#233; et son esprit et aussi par les observateurs qui, comme &lt;br&gt;Sainte-Beuve, en pleine g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ration de 1848, avaient l&amp;#224; une occasion &lt;br&gt;unique de voir et d&amp;#39;&amp;#233;tudier le 18^e si&amp;#232;cle sous sa forme certainement la &lt;br&gt;plus s&amp;#233;duisante.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8010146596383227952-3520735044805092923?l=crp.chez.com%2Fblog.htm' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3520735044805092923'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8010146596383227952/posts/default/3520735044805092923'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://crp.chez.com/2009/09/hommes-autrefois-illustres.html' title='hommes autrefois illustres'/><author><name>Cyvard</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17992653159802966182</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='17056999609248487441'/></author></entry></feed>